My experience of Account Manager in the office real estate market in Paris

My experience of Account Manager in the office real estate market in Paris

Photo Clément KEFALAS

In this article, Clément KEFALAS (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2021) shares his working experience as an Account Manager at Ubiq.

Ubiq: A company disrupting the market

Ubiq was founded in 2012. At that time, it was known as “Bureaux A Partager” (a French expression meaning “office to share”). This digital startup comes from the brilliant mind of Clément Alteresco when he faced a problem of unoccupied seats in its offices at Fabernovel (a strategic consulting firm). He thought that it was a real waste of space and even if he did not think of making profits from it, he could at least try to create value!

Ubiq logo

Source: Ubiq

This is why, Clément began by conceiving a shared Excel File with a planning and spread it amongst his network. The idea was to enable people to come to work for free in Fabernovel’s office and who knows, maybe creating synergies through exchanges and shared moments. It was then non-lucrative and totally selfless. However, it generated lot of interest and Clément wanted more than a standard employee’s life. Therefore he decided to launch his own digital platform: “Bureaux A Partager”.

The concept was easy: a website on which people would try to find their coworkers or on which people would be looking for their new offices. It was basically the “Airbnb” of the Flex office. You could forget your 3/6/9 bail, now was the time for the day-to-day contract that you could end in less than a month!

Ubiq motto

Source: Ubiq

It worked out well and in 2017, a team of about 15 people were working on the project. Clément then decided to diversify and launched Morning, the main concurrent of Wework in Paris. If he was not working on Bureaux A Partager anymore, the project kept going and became more and more mature.

Needless to say that the Covid crisis hit hard the office real estate market. The home office is definitely a restraint to the rent of offices, it also became a huge opportunity for Ubiq and a big step forward for the Flex office.

Indeed, since March 2020, we have been talking about the new methods of working and about the new role of the office in the world of tomorrow.

It is not a reflex anymore to go to the office on a working day. There must be more than just creating an environment dedicated to work. Now, the workplace is more about generating synergies, bonds and company culture than about providing an efficient and professional atmosphere.

What a great opportunity for a marketplace that offers every kind of offices with every kind of contracts than such a disorganized market which is reinventing itself.

Thus, Bureaux A Partager could not miss such an opportunity! This is why, with the help of its main shareholder, Nexity, Bureaux A Partager changed its name in “Ubiq” in June 2021.
It also changed its value proposition and recruited new talents to carry such an ambitious project.

In July and September 2021, Ubiq peaked with its 2 biggest records of revenues !

My recruitment as an account manager

Thanks to ESSEC, I had the opportunity to join Ubiq (at that time Bureaux A Partager) in January 2020 for a two-year apprenticeship in the sales team. Indeed, in the Global BBA program, the students are allowed to sign a 24 months apprenticeship contract instead of doing a 6 months internship. It results in them making one more semester in a professional environment and thus, ending with a Master 1 Degree in 4,5 years of studies.

This specific path gives the student the opportunity to involve himself in a long-term professional mission. He will get considered by its company as a normal employee and will be responsible for key missions. This is a really professionalizing program that I would definitely recommend. It also has the advantage of being a real asset on the CV when companies are asking for a professional experience longer than a single internship.

The job I was recruited for was: Account Manager. It is a function that is key in every sales team. The Account Manager will be responsible for the existing clients while the Business Developer will seek for new clients.

The main objective is to build a long term, professional, trust-based relationship with its B2B
clients.

Most of the requirements for the job are soft skills. The Account Manager works in Customer service which means that the mission consists mainly in communicating with clients.

Expected skills from the Account Manager would be:

  • curious
  • open-minded
  • motivated
  • excellent interpersonal skills
  • autonomy
  • rigor

In terms of hard skills, the Account Manager must master Excel, understand sales dashboards, write, and talk clearly and professionally.

My experience as an Account Manager

At first, I had to get to learn the job and to understand the market. This is why I was assigned in the prospect team, seeking for new clients willing to find offices. In other words, I was trying to stimulate the traffic on the platform through looking for the demand side of the market. It was not why I had been recruited for and this mission surprised me, but I then understood that it was part of the training. How could I work on the offer side of the market and help our partners to market their real estate assets if I did not understand the need of their own customers? I spent few months in the “Demand” team and if it could be at some point repetitive and tough, it was definitely formative, and helped me a lot in the continuation of my mission.

At some point, I finally reached my final position: account manager towards the Offer. It was mainly business-to-business (B2B) since the actors that wanted to rent their places, were most of the time companies and not private individuals.

The idea of creating a long-term relationship with the clients was really satisfying. Every customer had its own problematic and its own needs and still the final objective remained the same. The path to reach it though, was always different from one company to another.

Most of my interactions were by phone and email but I still had few opportunities to meet my clients. It was always interesting to have a quick talk with them in person. These meetings were most of the time the beginning of a stronger partnership based on mutual trust. Inspiring, I wish I had the opportunity to meet all of my clients this way.

I learned a lot throughout this professional experience.

First, I learned a lot about myself. It is really tough to know if you like customer service until you do it. The first sales call is always frightening and stressful but in the end, it is only a conversation with a stranger. It might not be a good experience but it can’t hurt.

The most satisfying aspect of the job is to see yourself getting better from a sales call to another. After few weeks, you do not ask yourself twice before picking up the phone. It is part of your job and you’re used to it. Unexpected problems might always happen but most of the interactions are smooth. At the end of this 24months apprenticeship, every sales call was a real delight. I knew my speech perfectly, could answer any question and managed to lead the conversation where I needed it to go. Handling the pressure was the trickiest and the funniest part.
Once an Account Manager masters his job, he faces constant self-esteem boosts. Indeed, his daily mission consists in leading discussions in a known environment about a mastered topic and with clients that require his help.

This mission enlightened me on the fact that being good at his job is not about intrinsic skills but more about perseverance. My learning was permanent, and I kept being better and better until my last day.

The different archetypes of clients

Through these two years of customer service, I had the opportunity to talk with many different actors of the office real estate market. My clients were from different ages, gender, origins, etc. And yet, we could classify each of them in four different major types.

The Satisfied

The most pleasant customer and the most common one. The satisfied client enjoys the service proposed by the account manager and has nothing to complain about. He doesn’t always get straight to the point because the Satisfied enjoys exchanging with the account manager. He is a loyal client that will not hesitate to solicit the account manager every time he requires help.

The Negotiator

Nor satisfied or unsatisfied, the negotiator will try to grab any opportunity to find himself a better deal than proposed at first. If it is not through monetary gain, this customer will seek for an exclusive treatment or relationship. At some point, we could be wondering if the final objective is to get a real benefit or just to feel special. If the account manager can most of the time propose a solution to his request, the negotiator would not necessarily end the relationship in a situation of an unmet need.

The Busy

Certainly the most boring customer, this archetype just doesn’t have time to give to the account manager. Every interaction comes with the feeling of bothering the client and thus, the exchanges are really short. Only the required information is given. Once the contract between both parts is signed, the client expects everything to work fine without further interventions. At least there is no waste of time.

The Unsatisfied

Fortunately, this is the profile that is the least met by the account manager. Basically, the client is not happy with our services and whatever the efforts the account manager might try to do, they will never meet the client’s needs. This discontent often comes from a misunderstanding of the partnership or from a request that cannot be fulfilled. Sometimes, the conflict might begin with a mistake from the account manager. Although, once the error is recognized, then everything possible will be done to repair the damage. This is by far the most interesting archetype that requires a lot of patience and diplomacy.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

   ▶ All posts about Professional experiences

   ▶ Louis DETALLE A quick review of the M&A – Real Estate job…

   ▶ Ghali EL KOUHENE Asset valuation in the Real Estate sector

   ▶ Akshit GUPTA Sales – Job description

   ▶ Suyue MA Expeditionary experience in a Chinese investment banking boutique

   ▶ Raphaël ROERO DE CORTANZE In the shoes of a Corporate M&A Analyst

   ▶ Bijal GANDHI Operating profit

Useful resources

Ubiq www.ubiq.fr

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Clément KEFALAS (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2021).

For any further information about the office real estate market or about client relationship management, feel free to email Clément Kéfalas at: b00730327@essec.edu.

A New Angle in M&A E-Commerce

A New Angle in M&A E-Commerce

Photo Antoine PERUSAT

In this article, Antoine PERUSAT (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2019-2023) shares his working experience as an M&A Analyst at a start-Up.

The Company

Last summer, I worked for two months in London at a company specializing in Venture Capital (VC) of digital assets in the e-commerce market. The company was headed by financial specialists coming from a range of backgrounds such as hedge funds and investment banks. Yet, there were also many on-board programmers with expertise in finance because of prior experience in areas such as algorithmic trading.

The company had recently acquired a website for $1 million. After considering the slim margins attributed to affiliate schemes in which we provided this website’s online traffic on a commission basis, we decided to start backlinking the website to a drop shipping website which provided accessories at ‘cheap’ prices. For instance, we would write posts on the website we acquired, and their active audience would read articles with titles such as “top 10 vision equipment”, and 5 of those 10 would be linked to our drop shipping platform.

My Job as an M&A Analyst

My main job within this startup was to do the financial appraisal and forecasting of the potential of this new drop shipping venture. Obviously the first hindrance was that there were barely any historic data (17 days of data) and prior budgets to leverage in the forecasting.

I shadowed a former PwC Vice President specialized in M&A and I learnt a lot from the ‘learning by doing’ process which is concurrently one of ESSEC’s main values. The forecast and model provided the board of investors with an overview of our cash-generating projects.

All these figures are based on inputs that were placed into the forecasts.

Figure 1 – Forecasts based on 17-day data input values.

GGD Forecasts

Source: GGD Forecasts

My work

The surrounding macro-variables are instrumental to the success of this project because these products are manufactured in China and shipped all the way to the U.S. I drew up a detailed PESTEL specific to arms and its accessories. I chose to make it as detailed as possible by also applying a base scenario, an upside scenario and a downside scenario to the P&Ls which would forecast the next 24 months. I used color coding which is a simple but instrumental and valuable method to present data in a tidy manner: assumptions in blue, hard coded input in blue, drivers in green and formulae in black. Other simplifiers include shortcuts and skills such as not using the mouse. The P&L’s all had to follow the traditional accounting format so that any financial analyst could quickly skim over it without issue. Although it was mainly for the board of investors, they could check back to the detailed sheet if they had further questions.

Figure 2 – Detailed Forecasts (Inputs).

GGD detailed forecasts

Source: GGD Forecasts

This kind of complexity is great if you are willing to put a few hours into studying the forecasts at great length.

Figure 3 – P&L (Upside).

GGD PL

Source: GGD Forecasts

However, this is much faster and simpler. The element of choice is what the investor wants.

Side Projects

The start-up nature of the company meant that I had to complete other tasks than just forecasting. I conducted internal presentations of the company stock option policy to all new recruits. This taught me a lot about the value of equity in a world structured with salaries and bonuses.

Another side project was writing the prospectus of over 300 bicycle websites ranging from forums, magazines, and e-commerce platforms. This prospectus would be used to discover investment opportunities.
Research also formed a substantial part of my internship, and I undertook market research on our e-commerce competitors and their Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) like revenue figures and cash cow assets as well as their different investors and funding in initial rounds.
Here are a few KPIs on who the market leaders are in terms of e-commerce sellers and the materials sold as well as the overall revenue figures of the market.

Figure 4 – Overview of E-commerce competitors in the UK mattress market.

Ecommerce competitors

Source: Company – European Mattress Market Analysis

M&A valuation methods

On my first day during lunch, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company told me that fundamental analysis and traditional financial evaluation methods were all pretty much useless for our M&A operations. You can imagine this quite shocking to hear as an intern who came in to specialize in M&A, but I understood why he said this soon enough. Most of the prospectus portfolio we were involved with included internet platforms with little historical data (sometimes less than one year) which was of no use. So, from a financial aspect, we would usually just take a multiple of their Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA) like X3 and sometimes X4.
To do the valuation work of the different prospects of interest, we would use Ahrefs (Search Engine Optimization audit software).

Figure 5. Ahrefs Audit Software.

Ahrefs Audit Softwares

Source: https://www.blogdumoderateur.com/tools/ahrefs/

Not only is this a great tool in order to see how lucrative the acquisition is but its true value came into play after the acquisition. We could see general KPI’s such as traffic value and portfolio website health so that we could apply the required SEO mechanisms to maximize the investment’s value.

Final Message

My main message is that we mainly all come from academic institutions and families which force us down a structured and standardized route. For example, in finance, you can usually kick off your career in a range of routes like asset management, investment banking, trading, etc. The growth in new-age financial roles may incorporate more risk exposure in your career but they can provide a more stimulating and rewarding route!

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

   ▶ All posts about Professional experiences

   ▶ Raphaël ROERO DE CORTANZE In the shoes of a Corporate M&A Analyst

   ▶ Suyue MA Expeditionary experience in a Chinese investment banking boutique

   ▶ Anna BARBERO Career in finance

Useful resources

Ahrefs

WallStreetOasis (WSO) Financial Modeling Best Practices: Color Conventions

SPS commerce E-Commerce and the New Age of Retail

Le coin des Entrepreneurs Analyse PESTEL : définition, utilité et présentation des 6 composants (in French)

Philippe Gattet Comprendre l’analyse PESTEL Xerfi video (in French).

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Antoine PERUSAT (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2019-2023).

Programming Languages for Quants

Programming Languages for Quants

Jayati WALIA

In this article, Jayati WALIA (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) presents an overview of popular programming languages used in quantitative finance.

Introduction

Finance as an industry has always been very responsive to new technologies. The past decades have witnessed the inclusion of innovative technologies, platforms, mathematical models and sophisticated algorithms solve to finance problems. With tremendous data and money involved and low risk-tolerance, finance is becoming more and more technological and data science, blockchain and artificial intelligence are taking over major decision-making strategies by the power of high processing computer algorithms that enable us to analyze enormous data and run model simulations within nanoseconds with high precision.

This is exactly why programming is a skill which is increasingly in demand. Programming is needed to analyze financial data, compute financial prices (like options or structured products), estimate financial risk measures (like VaR) and test investment strategies, etc. Now we will see an overview of popular programming languages used in modelling and solving problems in the quantitative finance domain.

Python

Python is general purpose dynamic high level programming language (HLL). It’s effortless readability and straightforward syntax allows not just the concept to be expressed in relatively fewer lines of code but also makes it’s learning curve less steep.

Python possesses some excellent libraries for mathematical applications like statistics and quantitative functions such as numpy, scipy and scikit-learn along with the plethora of accessible open source libraries that add to its overall appeal. It supports multiple programming approaches such as object-oriented, functional, and procedural styles.

Python is most popular for data science, machine learning and AI applications. With data science becoming crucial in the financial services industry, it has consequently created an immense demand for Python, making it a programming language of top choice.

C++

The finance world has been dominated by C++ for valid reasons. C++ is one of the essential programming languages in the fintech industry owing to its execution speed. Developers can leverage C++ when they need to programme with advanced computations with low latency in order to process multiple functions fasters such as in High Frequency Trading (HFT) systems. This language offers code reusability (which is crucial in multiple complex quantitative finance projects) to programmers with a diverse library comprising of various tools to execute.

Java

Java is known for its reliability, security and logical architecture with its object-oriented programming to solve complicated problems in the finance domain. Java is heavily used in the sell-side operations of finance involving projects with complex infrastructures and exceptionally robust security demands to run on native as well as cross-platform tools. This language can help manage enormous sets of real-time data with the impeccable security in bookkeeping activity. Financial institutions, particularly investment banks, use Java and C# extensively for their entire trading architecture, including front-end trading interfaces, live data feeds and at times derivatives’ pricing.

R

R is an open source scripting language mostly used for statistical computing, data analytics and visualization along with scientific research and data science. R the most popular language among mathematical data miners, researchers, and statisticians. R runs and compiles on multiple platforms such as Unix, Windows and MacOS. However, it is not the easiest of languages to learn and uses command line scripting which may be complex to code for some.

Scala

Scala is a widely used programming language in banks with Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Bank, JP Morgan and HSBC are among many. Scala is particularly appropriate for banks’ front office engineering needs requiring functional programming (programs using only pure functions that are functions that always return an immutable result). Scala provides support for both object-oriented and functional programming. It is a powerful language with an elegant syntax.

Haskell and Julia

Haskell is a functional and general-purpose programming language with user-friendly syntax, and a wide collection of real-world libraries for user to develop the quant solving application using this language. The major advantage of Haskell is that it has high performance, is robust and is useful for modelling mathematical problems and programming language research.

Julia, on the other hand, is a dynamic language for technical computing. It is suitable for numerical computing, dynamic modelling, algorithmic trading, and risk analysis. It has a sophisticated compiler, numerical accuracy with precision along with a functional mathematical library. It also has a multiple dispatch functionality which can help define function behavior across various argument combinations. Julia communities also provide a powerful browser-based graphical notebook interface to code.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

   ▶ Jayati WALIA Quantitative Finance

   ▶ Jayati WALIA Quantitative Risk Management

   ▶ Jayati WALIA Value at Risk

   ▶ Akshit GUPTA The Black-Scholes-Merton model

Useful Resources

Websites

QuantInsti Python for Trading

Bankers by Day Programming languages in FinTech

Julia Computing Julia for Finance

R Examples R Basics

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Jayati WALIA (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Decentralized finance (DeFi)

Decentralized finance (DeFi)

Youssef EL QAMCAOUI

In this article, Youssef EL QAMCAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Master in Strategy & Management of International Business (SMIB), 2020-2021) discusses decentralized finance (DeFi).

From cryptocurrencies to decentralized finance

As you may know, Bitcoin is a form of money (cryptocurrency) that isn’t controlled by any central bank or government. It can be transferred to anyone from anyone around the world, without the need of a bank or a financial institution. Bitcoin is decentralized money.

However, transferring money is only the first of many building blocks in a financial system. Aside from sending money to one another, there are a variety of financial services we use today. For example, loans, saving plans, insurance and stock markets are all services that are built around money and together create our financial system.

Today, our financial system and all its services are completely centralized. Banks, stock markets, insurance companies and other financial institutions all have someone in charge, whether it be a company or a person, that controls and offers these services. This centralized financial system has its risks – mismanagement, fraud and corruption to name a few. But what if we could decentralize the financial system as a whole in the same way Bitcoin decentralized money?

That’s exactly what DeFi is all about. DeFi is a term given to financial services that have no central authority or someone in charge. Using decentralized money, like some cryptocurrencies, that can also be programmed for automated activities, we can build exchanges, lending services, insurance companies and other organizations that don’t have any owner and aren’t controlled by anyone.

How to build decentralized finance

Platform based on Ethereum

In order to create a decentralized financial system, the first thing we need is an infrastructure for programming and running decentralized services. That is the main objective of Ethereum. Ethereum is a Do-It-Yourself platform for writing decentralized programs also known as decentralized apps. By using Ethereum we can write automated code, also known as smart contracts, that manage any financial service we’d like to create in a decentralized manner. This means that we determine the rules as to how a certain service will work, and once we deploy those rules on the Ethereum network, we no longer have control over them – they are immutable.

Once we have a system in place like Ethereum for creating decentralized apps, we can start building our decentralized financial system.

Now let’s take a look at some of the building blocks that comprise it. The first thing any financial system needs is of course money. “why not use Bitcoin or Ether, which is Ethereum’s currency?” Whilst Bitcoin is indeed decentralized, it has only very basic programmable functionality and is not compatible with the Ethereum platform. Ether, on the other hand, is compatible and programmable. However, it is also highly volatile.

Figure 1 presents a map of the DeFi ecosystem broken down by category: payments, custodial services, infrastructure, exchanges and liquidity, investing, know you customer (KYC) and identity, derivatives, marketplaces, stablecoins, prediction markets, insurance, and credit and lending.

Figure 1. A map of the DeFi ecosystem, broken down by category.

Ethereum’s DeFi
Source: The Block

Stablecoins

If we’re looking to build reliable financial services that people will want to use, we’ll need a more stable currency to operate within this system. This is where stablecoins come in. Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies that are pegged to the value of a real-world asset, usually some major currency like the US dollar.

For the purpose of DeFi, we’ll want to use a stablecoin that doesn’t use fiat money reserves for maintaining a peg, since this will require some sort of central authority. This is where the stablecoin DAI comes into play. DAI is a decentralized cryptocurrency pegged against the value of the US dollar, meaning one DAI equals one US dollar. Unlike other popular stablecoins whose value is backed directly by US Dollar reserves, DAI is backed by crypto collaterals that can be viewed publicly on the Ethereum blockchain. DAI is over collateralized, meaning if you lock up in a deposit $1 worth of Ether, you can borrow 66 cents worth of DAI. As soon as you want your Ether back, just pay back the DAI you borrowed and the Ether will be released.

If you don’t have any Ether to lock up as collateral, you can just buy DAI on an exchange. Because DAI is over collateralized, even if Ether’s price becomes extremely volatile, the value of the locked Ether backing the DAI in circulation will most likely still remain at 100% or more. In essence, the DAI stablecoin is actually also a smart contract that resides on the Ethereum platform. This makes DAI a truly a decentralized stablecoin which cannot be shut down nor censored, hence it’s a perfect form of money for other DeFi services.

Financial ecosystem

Now that our decentralized financial system has stable decentralized money, it’s time to create some additional services. The first use case that we’ll discuss is the decentralized exchange (DEX). DEXes operate according to a set of rules, or smart contracts, that allow users to buy, sell, or trade cryptocurrencies. Just like DAI they also reside on the Ethereum platform which means they operate without a central authority. When you trade on a DEX, there is no exchange operator, no sign-ups, no identity verification, and no withdrawal fees. Instead, the smart contracts enforce the rules, execute trades, and securely handle funds when necessary. Also, unlike a centralized exchange, there’s often no need to deposit funds into an exchange account before conducting a trade. This eliminates the major risk of exchange hacking which exists for all centralized exchanges. But the range of decentralized financial services doesn’t stop there. When it comes to decentralized money markets – services that connect borrowers with lenders – Compound is an Ethereum based borrowing and lending decentralized app. This means you can lend your crypto out and earn interest on it. Alternatively, maybe you need some money to pay the rent or buy groceries, but the only funds you have are cryptocurrencies. If that’s the case you can deposit your crypto as collateral and borrow against it. The Compound platform automatically connects the lenders with borrowers, enforces the terms of the loans, and distributes the interest. The process of earning interest on cryptocurrencies has become extremely popular lately, giving rise to “yield farming” – A term given to the effort of putting crypto assets to work while seeking to generate the most returns possible.

So we have decentralized stablecoins, decentralized exchanges and decentralized money markets.

How about decentralized insurance?

All of these new financial products definitely entail some risks. That is where insurance comes in in case something goes wrong: a decentralized platform that connects people who are willing to pay for insurance with people who are willing to insure them for a premium, while everything happens autonomously without any insurance company or agent in the middle, DeFi services work in conjunction with one another, making it possible to mix and match different services to create new and exciting opportunities.

DeFi: money legos

The term ‘money legos’ has been coined to refer to DeFi services as it reminds of building structures out of Lego blocks. For example, you can build the following service from different money legos:

  • You start out by using a decentralized exchange aggregator to find the exchange with the best rate for swapping Ether for DAI.
  • You then select the DEX you want and conduct the trade. Then you lend the DAI you received to borrowers to earn interest.
  • Finally, you can add insurance to this process to make sure you’re covered in case anything goes wrong.

That’s just one example out of the many opportunities DeFi offers. Some of the main advantages that have driven interest towards DeFi are understandably transparency, interoperability, decentralization, free for all services and flexible user experience, among others. However, there are also some risks you should be aware of. The most important risk is that DeFi is still in its infancy, and this means that things can go wrong due to operational risks. Smart contracts have had issues in the past where people didn’t define the rules for certain services correctly and hackers found creative ways to exploit existing loopholes in order to steal money.

Additionally, you should remember that a system is decentralized only as its most central component. This means that some services may be only partially decentralized while still keeping some centralized aspects that can act as a weakness to the project. It’s important to understand exactly how a product or service works before investing in it so you can be aware of any issues that may come up.

Conclusion

To sum it up, it seems that the DeFi revolution has reached its early adopter stage and the coming years will tell if it manages to cross the chasm into mainstream adoption. There’s no doubt that a decentralized financial system can benefit a huge portion of the population that currently suffers from financial discrimination, high fees, and inefficiencies in managing their funds.

Why should I be interested in this post?

This might be of interest to you if you are trying to get to know the ecosystem of Decentralized Finance and you are interested in cryptocurrencies and getting slowly your assets out of the traditional centralized finance (banks, fund managements, etc.).

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

   ▶ Alexandre VERLET Cryptocurrencies

   ▶ Alexandre VERLET The NFTs, a new gold rush?

Useful resources

Forbes Decentralized finance will change your understanding of financial systems

Investopedia Decentralized finance

The conversation What is decentralized finance? An expert on bitcoins and blockchains explains the risks and rewards of DeFi

The Financial Times (29/12/2019) DeFi movement promises high interest but high risk

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Youssef EL QAMCAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Master in Strategy & Management of International Business (SMIB), 2020-2021).

The Warren Buffett Indicator

The Warren Buffett Indicator

Youssef EL QAMCAOUI

In this article, Youssef EL QAMCAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Master in Strategy & Management of International Business (SMIB), 2020-2021) discusses the Warren Buffett Indicator.

It is no secret that stock prices are all-time highs and people have been asking the important question: are we in a stock market bubble? According to the Warren Buffett Indicator, the answer to that question is YES.

Let’s discuss what exactly the Warren Buffett Indicator is, why it is showing that this stock market is the most overvalued in history and why the stock market would have to fall by more than 50% to be considered fairly valued based on historical averages.

Definition and origin of the Warren Buffett Indicator

The Warren Buffett Indicator is defined as the ratio between the US Wilshire 5000 index to US Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In other words, it is the American stock market valuation to US GDP divided by the size of the American economy.

It is used to determine how cheap or expensive the stock market is at a given point in time. It was named after the legendary investor Warren Buffett who called in 2001 the ratio “the best single measure of where valuations stand at any given moment”. It is widely followed by the financial media and investors as a valuation measure for the US stock market and has hit an all-time high in 2021.

To calculate the Warren Buffett Indicator, we need to get data for both metrics: the US Wilshire 5000 index and the US GDP.

The US Wilshire 5000 index

To determine the total stock market value of the US, Warren Buffett uses the Wilshire 5000 index. This index is a broad-based market capitalization weighted index composed of 3,451 publicly traded companies that meet the following criteria:

  • The companies are headquartered in the United States.
  • The stocks are listed and actively traded on a US stock exchange.
  • The stocks have pricing information that is widely available to the public.

The Wilshire 5000 index is a better measure of the total value of the US stock market than other more popular stock market indices such as the S&P500 the Dow Jones or the NASDAQ. In the case of the S&P500, it only measures the 500 largest US companies. The Dow Jones has only 30 component companies and the NASDAQ consists of mostly tech companies and excludes companies listed on the NYSE. On the other hand, the Wilshire 5000 is often used as a benchmark for the entirety of the US stock market and is widely regarded as the best single measure of the overall US equity market.

In 2021, the market capitalization of the Wilshire 5000 is approximately 47.1 trillion dollars.

The US GDP

The US GDP which represents the total production of the US economy. It is measured quarterly by the US Government’s Bureau of Economic Analysis. The GDP is a static measurement of prior economic activity meaning it does not forecast the future or include any expectation or evaluation of future economic activity or growth. In 2021, the US GDP is 22.7 trillion dollars.

The Warren Buffett Indicator

Knowing the value of the US Wilshire 5000 index and the value of the US GDP, we can compute the value of the Warren Buffett Indicator:

(47.1 / 22.7)*100 = 207.5%.

Without any historical context this number doesn’t say anything so let’s dive into it.

Evolution of the Warren Buffett Indicator

Figure 1 gives the evolution of the Warren Buffett Indicator over the period 1987-2021. This figure underlines how extremely high the Warren Buffett Indicator currently is compared to historical averages.

Figure 1. The Warren Buffett Indicator (1987-2021).

 History Warren Buffet Indicator
Source: www.longtermtrends.net

The Warren Buffett Indicator at 207% is tremendously higher than periods that turned out to be huge market bubbles such as “.com” bubble in March of 2000 where the Warren Buffett Indicator topped out at 140%. Even at the top of the housing bubble in October 2007 looks significantly tame at 104% compared to today’s level of nearly double that.

Since 1970, the average Warren Buffett Indicator reading has been at around 85%. In fact, for the stock market to be considered fairly valued based on historical averages, the total value of the stock market would have to fall to 19.3 trillion, far from the current value of 47.1 trillion. This means it would take a 60% stock market crash for the Warren Buffett Indicator to fall back to its historical average of 85%.

Use of the Warren Buffett Indicator for investment

But what does this mean for future investing returns? Over the last 10 years the S&P500 returns have been extremely strong at an average of 12.5% per year – well above historical trends.

Let’s look at how Warren Buffett used the thinking around the Warren Buffett Indicator to help make predictions about future returns from the stock market during these crazy times. Warren Buffett has been known to be hesitant about making predictions about the stock market but there have been a few times where Buffett used the Warren Buffett Indicator to help make accurate predictions about the future returns of the stock market in November 1999 when the Dow Jones was at 11,000 – and just a few months before the burst of the dot-com bubble – the stock market gained 13% a year from 1981 to 1998. The Warren Buffett Indicator was at 130% significantly higher than ever before in the past 30 years.

Warren Buffett said at the time that 13% return is impossible if you strip out the inflation component from this nominal return which you would need to do. However, inflation fluctuates that’s 4% in real terms and if 4%.

Two years after the November 1999 article when the Dow Jones was down to 9,000, Warren Buffett stated: “I would expect now to see long-term returns somewhat higher [around] 7% after costs”. He revised his expectations for future returns higher because the Warren Buffett Indicator had come down significantly from its high of 130% in November 1999 to 93% just two years later – meaning stocks were more fairly valued and as a result prospective future returns were higher.

In October 2008, after the S&P500 had fallen from a high of greater than 1,500 in July 2007 to around 900, Warren Buffett wrote “Equities will almost certainly outperform cash over the next decade probably by a substantial degree. At that moment, the indicator was at around 60%. This was not a popular prediction and people were selling out of stocks because they were worried about the future. They had seen stock prices fall consistently and wanted to sell out of stocks before they kept falling more. Since Warren Buffett made this call in October 2008, the S&P500 has returned an average annualized return of 14.7% with dividends reinvested. This return is significantly higher than the long-term historical return of the stock market.

To grasp the Warren Buffett Indicator has been a good gauge of future stock market returns, it is needed to understand the reason stocks can’t rise 25% or more a year forever. This is because over the long term, stock market returns are determined by the following:

Interest rate

The higher the interest rate, the greater the downward pole. This is because the rate of return that investors need from any kind of investment is directly tied to the risk-free rate that they can earn from government securities. As Warren Buffett explained: “If the government rate rises the prices of all other investments must adjust downward to a level that brings their expected rates of return into line. If government interest rates fall, the dynamic pushes the prices of all other investments upward”.

Long-term growth of corporate profitability

Over the long-term, corporate profitability reverts to its long-term trend (~6%). During recessions, corporate profit margins shrink and during economic growth periods corporate profit margins expand. Nonetheless, long-term growth of corporate profitability is closely tied to long-term economic growth.

Current market valuation

Over the long run, stock market valuation tends to revert to its historical average. A higher current valuation certainly correlates with lower long-term returns in the future. On the other hand, a lower current valuation correlates with a higher long-term return.

Discussion

That being said there are some points that we add to discuss this perspective.

Historically low interest rates

Figure 2 represents the history of interest rates in the US for the period 1960-2021.

Figure 2. History of interest rates in the US.

History US interest rates
Source: www.macrotrends.net

This figure shows that the current interest rate on 10-year US government bonds has never been so low. This extremely low level of interest rates partially helps to explain the high stock market valuation by historical standards. As Warren Buffet stated: “As interest rates rise stocks become less valuable and as interest rates decrease stock prices increase all else being equal”.

Companies are staying private for longer

As companies stay private for longer, these companies are not included in the value of the stock market. If these companies had decided to go public, the market cap of Wilshire 5000 would be higher as the index currently contains around 3,500 stocks. Since this index only counts publicly traded companies, if large non-publicly traded companies were also included in the value of the index, the value of the Warren Buffet Indicator would increase – although likely not by a large enough factor.

Why should I be interested in this post?

You might be interested in this topic if you are aware or are trying to get knowledge around the stock market and the possible crash that is being discussed in 2021. This might help you understand what the current situation is and why we are talking about this. But it also gives you insights to understand how important this topic can become in the very near future.

Useful resources

Data to compute the Warren Buffett Indicator

Federal Reserve Economic Data US GDP

Federal Reserve Economic Data Wilshire 5000 Full Cap Price Index

Other

Wilshire www.wilshire.com

Current market valuation Buffet Indicator

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

   ▶ Bijal GANDHI Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

   ▶ Rayan AKKAWI Warren Buffet and his basket of eggs

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Youssef EL QAMCAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Master in Strategy & Management of International Business (SMIB), 2020-2021).

Smart Beta industry main actors

Youssef_Louraoui

In this article, Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021) presents the main actors of the smart beta industry, which is estimated to represent a cumulative market value of $1.9 trillion as of 2017 and is projected to grow to $3.4 trillion by 2022 (BlackRock, 2021).

The structure of this post is as follows: we begin by presenting an overview of the smart beta industry actors. We will then discuss the case of BlackRock, the 10 trillion dollar powerhouse of the asset management industry, which is the main actor in the smart beta industry segment.

Overview of the market

The asset management sector, which is worth 100 trillion dollars worldwide, is primarily divided into active and passive management (BCG, 2021). While active management continues to dominate the market, passive management’s proportion of total assets under managed (AUM) increased by 4 percentage points between 2008 and 2019, reaching 15%. This market transition is even more dramatic in the United States, where passive management accounted for more than 40% of the total market share in 2019. A new category has arisen and begun to acquire market share over the last decade. Smart beta exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are receiving fresh inflows and are the industry’s fastest-growing ETF product. Various players are entering the market by developing and releasing new products (Deloitte, 2021).

Active funds have demonstrated divergent returns when compared to passive funds, making the cost difference increasingly difficult to justify (Figure 1). The growing market share of passive funds in both the United States and the European Union is putting further pressure on active managers’ fees. When it comes to meeting the demands of investors, both active and passive management has shown shortcomings. Active management funds often fail to outperform their benchmarks because they lack clear indicators, charge expensive fees, and don’t always have clear indicators. As seen in Figure 1, active funds struggle to deliver consistent returns over a prolonged timeframe, as depicted in the European market. In this sense, the active funds success rate is divided by more than half between year one and year three (Deloitte, 2021). Concentration is a problem for passive funds that are weighted by market capitalization.. These limits have prepared the ground for smart beta funds to emerge (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Active funds success rates (% of funds beating their index over X years)
Active funds success rates
Source: Deloitte (2021).

The smart beta market is dominated by several players who have a strategic position with a large volume of assets under management. Figure 2 compares smart beta actors based on percentage of asset under management (%AUM), one the most important metric in the asset management industry. Some key elements can be drawn for the first figure. BlackRock is the provider with the largest market share, with over 40% of the smart beta industry in the analysis, followed by Vanguard and State Street Global Advisors with 30.66% and 18.44% respectively in this benchmark study underpinning nearly $1 trillion (Figure 2).

Figure 2. % AUM of the biggest Smart Beta ETF providers
Smart_Beta_benchmark_analysis
Source: etf.com (2021).

BlackRock dominance

The main powerhouses of the passive investing industry, BlackRock and Vanguard, are poised to capture the lion’s share of assets in the rapidly rising world of actively managed exchange-traded funds. The conclusion is likely to dissatisfy active fund managers, who have been squeezed by the fast development of passive ETFs in recent years and may have seen the introduction of active ETFs as a chance to fight back and get a piece of the lucrative pie (Financial Times, 2021).

According to a study of 320 institutional investors with a combined $12.9 trillion in assets, institutional investors prefer BlackRock and Vanguard to handle their active ETF investments. The juggernauts were expected to provide the best performance as well as the best value for money. With over a third of the global ETF market capitalization, BlackRock remains the dominant player (The Financial Times, 2021). BlackRock is unquestionably a major force in the ETF business, with an unparalleled market share in both the US and European ETF markets. BlackRock has expanded to become the world’s largest asset manager, managing funds for everyone from pensioners to oligarchs and sovereign wealth funds. It is now one of the largest stockholders in practically every major American corporation — as well as a number of overseas corporations. It is also one among the world’s largest lenders to businesses and governments.

Aladdin, the company’s technological platform, provides critical wiring for large portions of the worldwide investing industry. By the end of June this year, BlackRock was managing a stunning $9.5 trillion in assets, a sum that would be hardly understandable to most of the 35 million Americans whose retirement accounts were managed by the business in 2020. If the current rate of growth continues, BlackRock’s third-quarter reports on October 13 might disclose that the company’s market capitalization has surpassed $10 trillion. It’s expected to have surpassed that mark by the end of the year (FT, 2021). To put this in perspective, it is about equivalent to the worldwide hedge fund, private equity, and venture capital industries combined.

Industry-wide fee cuts had helped BlackRock maintain its dominance in the ETF sector. Its iShares brand is the industry’s largest ETF provider for both passive and actively managed products (CNBC, 2021).

Why should I be interested in this post?

If you are a business school or university undergraduate or graduate student, this content will help you in understanding the various evolutions of asset management throughout the last decades and in broadening your knowledge of finance.

Smart beta funds have become a trending topic among investors in recent years. Smart beta is a game-changing invention that addresses an unmet need among investors: a higher return for lower risk, net of transaction and administrative costs. In a way, these investment strategies create a new market. As a result, smart beta is gaining traction and influencing the asset management industry.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

Factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Factor Investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Origin of factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI MSCI Factor Indexes

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Smart beta 1.0

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Smart beta 2.0

Factors

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Size Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Value Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Yield Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Momentum Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Quality Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Growth Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Minimum Volatility Factor

Useful resources

Business analysis

BlackRock, 2021.What is factor investing?

BCG, 2021.The 100$ Trillion Machine: Global Asset Management 2021

CNBC, 2021. What Blackrock’s continued dominance means for other ETF issuers.

Deloitte, 2021. Will smart beta ETFs revolutionize the asset management industry? Understanding smart beta ETFs and their impact on active and passive fund managers

Etf.com, 2021.Smart Beta providers

Financial Times (13/09/2020) BlackRock and Vanguard look set to extend dominance to active ETFs

Financial Times (07/10/2021) The ten trillion dollar man: how Larry Fink became king of Wall St

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021).

MSCI Factor Indexes

Youssef_Louraoui

In this article, Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021) presents the MSCI Factor Indexes. MSCI is one of the most prominent actors in the indexing business, with approximately 236 billion dollars in assets benchmarked to the MSCI factor indexes.

The structure of this post is as follows: we begin by introducing MSCI Factor Indexes and the evolution of portfolio performance. We then delve deeper by describing the MSCI Factor Classification Standards (FaCS). We finish by analyzing factor returns over the last two decades.

Definition

Factor

A factor is any component that helps to explain the long-term risk and return performance of a financial asset. Factors have been extensively used in portfolio risk models and in quantitative investment strategies, and documented in academic research. Active fund managers use these characteristics while selecting securities and constructing portfolios. Factor indexes are a quick and easy way to get exposure to several return drivers. Factor investing aims to obtain greater risk-adjusted returns by exposing investors to stock features in a systematic way. Factor investing isn’t a new concept; it’s been utilized in risk models and quantitative investment techniques for a long time. Factors can also explain a portion of fundamental active investors’ long-term portfolio success. MSCI Factor Indexes use transparent and rules-based techniques to reflect the performance characteristics of a variety of investment types and strategies (MSCI Factor Research, 2021).

Performance analysis

Understanding portfolio returns is crucial to determining how to evaluate portfolio performance. It may be traced back to Harry Markowitz’s pioneering work and breakthrough research on portfolio design and the role of diversification in improving portfolio performance. Investors did not discriminate between the sources of portfolio gains throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Long-term portfolio management was dominated by active investment. The popularity of passive investment as an alternative basis for implementation was bolstered by finance research in the 1980s. Through passive allocation, investors began to effectively capture market beta. Investors began to perceive factors as major determinants of long-term success in the 2000s (MSCI Factor Research, 2021). Figure 1 presents the evolution of portfolio performance analysis over time: until the 1960s, based on the CAPM model, returns were explain by one factor only: the market return. Then, the market model was used to assess active portfolio with the alpha measuring the extra performance of the fund manager. Later on in the 2000s, the first evaluation model based on the market factor was augmented with other factors (size, value, etc.).

Figure 1. Evolution of portfolio performance analysis.
Evolution_portfolio_performance
Source: MSCI Research (2021).

MSCI Factor Index

MSCI Factor Classification Standards (FaCS) establishes a standard vocabulary and definitions for factors so that they may be understood by a wider audience. MSCI FaCS is comprised of 6 Factor Groups and 14 factors and is based on MSCI’s Barra Global Equity Factor Model (MSCI Factor Research, 2021) as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Factor decomposition of the different factor strategies.
MSCI_FaCS
Source: MSCI Research (2021).

The MSCI Factor Indexes are based on well-researched academic studies. The MSCI Factor Indexes were identified and developed based on academic results, creating a unified language to describe risk and return via the perspective of factors (MSCI Factor Research, 2021).

Performance of factors over time

Figure 2 compares the MSCI factor indexes’ performance from 1999 to May 2020. All indexes are rebalanced on a 100-point scale to ensure consistency in performance and to facilitate factor comparisons. Over a two-decade period, smart beta factors have all outperformed the MSCI World index, with the MSCI World Minimum Volatility Index as the most profitable factor which has consistently provided excess profits over the long run while (MSCI Factor research, 2021).

Figure 2. Performance of MSCI Factor Indexes during the period 1999-2017.
MSCI_performance
Source: MSCI Research (2021).

Individual factors have consistently outperformed the market over time. Figure 2 represents the performance of the MSCI Factor Indexes for the last two decades compared to the MSCI ACWI, which is MSCI’s flagship global equity index and is designed to represent the performance of large- and mid-cap stocks across 23 developed and 27 emerging markets.

It is possible to make some conclusions regarding the performance of the investment factor over the previous two decades by dissecting the performance of the various factorial strategies. The value factor was the one that drove performance in the first decade of the 2000s. This outperformance is characterized by a movement towards more conservative investment in a growing market environment. The dotcom bubble crash resulted in a bear market, with the minimal volatility approach helping to absorb market shocks in 2002. When it comes to the minimal volatility approach, it is evident that it is highly beneficial during moments of high volatility, acting as a viable alternative to hedging one’s stock market exposure and moving into more safe-haven products. Several times of extreme volatility may be recognized, including the dotcom boom, the US subprime crisis, and the European debt crisis as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Table of performance of MSCI Factor Indexes from 1999-2017.
MSCI_historical_performance
Source: MSCI Research (2021).

Why should I be interested in this post?

If you are a business school or university undergraduate or graduate student, this content will help you in understanding the evolution of asset management throughout the last decades and in broadening your knowledge of finance.

Smart beta funds have become a trending topic among investors in recent years. Smart beta is a game-changing invention that addresses an unmet need among investors: a higher return for lower risk, net of transaction and administrative costs. In a way, these investment strategies create a new market. As a result, smart beta is gaining traction and influencing the asset management industry.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

Factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Factor Investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Origin of factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Smart beta 1.0

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Smart beta 2.0

Factors

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Size Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Value Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Yield Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Momentum Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Quality Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Growth Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Minimum Volatility Factor

Useful resources

Business analysis

MSCI Factor Research, 2021.MSCI Factor Indexes

MSCI Factor Research, 2021. MSCI Factor Classification Standards (FaCS)

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021).

Carbon Disclosure Rating

Carbon Disclosure Rating

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about Carbon Disclosure Rating.

Introduction

Carbon disclosure rating (CDR) is a medium to measure the environment sustainability of a company. It is calculated based on the voluntarily disclosure by a company itself. This rating is useful for an ethical investor who wish to incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into their investment decision making process. It focuses on the environmental factor.

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria constitute a framework that helps socially conscious investors to screen potential investments which incorporate their personal values/agendas. The ESG criteria screen companies based on sound environmental practices, healthy social responsibilities and moral governance initiatives into their corporate policies and daily operations.

The most commonly used carbon disclosure rating is administered by Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a United Kingdom based non-profit organization. It is comparable with Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) which is a Netherlands based organization. GRI works with businesses and organizations while CDP works with individual companies.

Framework of Carbon Disclosure Rating

Carbon Disclosure Rating is calculated by a general framework based on questionnaire generated by CDP. About 6,800 companies, which participated as of year 2020, usually submit responses to a series of industry specific questions depending on the industry of a specific company. The responses are then evaluated, analyzed, and graded. They are finally made accessible to institutional investors and other interested parties as well.

The grading separate companies based on their comprehension and application of climate-related changes. The grading mention below is stated from CDP.

Figure 1. Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) Scoring Board.
Carbon disclosure rating table
Source: Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) .

A and A- | Leadership level
B and B- | Management level
C and C- | Awareness level
D and D- | Disclosure level
F | Failure to provide sufficient information to be evaluated

CDP then publishes a list of most favorable companies that were graded at “Leadership Level A and A-”. In the year 2020, 313 companies were features on the list. Majority of those companies were large multinational corporations who are a leader in their specific industry. It included many prominent companies, such as Ford Motor Company, Apple, Bank of America, Johnson & Johnson, and Walmart.

Benefits of CDR

There is a constant increasing demand for environmental disclosure due to rise in ethical investing. As a result, there are numerous tangible benefits gained by a company when it discloses the requested informed asked by the CDP. They are as follows:

  • Improve and protect a company’s reputation as it builds confidence via transparency and concern for environment
  • Helps gain a competitive edge while performing on the stock market
  • More preparedness for mandatory environmental reporting regulations
  • Discover new opportunities and mitigate potential risks by identifying emerging environmental risks and opportunities which might have been overlooked otherwise
  • Assessing and tracking progress in comparison to the competition in the same industry

Criticism

The biggest criticism of carbon disclosure rating is that the score does not reflect an honest depiction of the actions taken by a company to alleviate its impact on climate change or reduce its carbon footprint. It may simply reflect a that a company didn’t disclose information with CDP. For instance, Amazon in the year 2020 was given a score “F” by CDP because it did not respond to CDP’s request for information.

Therefore, an “F” score may simply mean that a company failed to provide enough information to receive an evaluation. It does not necessarily mean that company’s inability to reduce its carbon footprint. As a result, CDP’s rating is termed to be inconclusive since many companies do not provide information to CDP on thier actions to reduce their carbon footprint and actions to limit their impact on climate change.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

Useful resources

Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Carbon Trading

Carbon Trading

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about Carbon Trading.

Introduction

Carbon trading is a market-based system focused on alleviating greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide which is emitted by burning fossil fuels. Carbon trading is essentially the purchasing and selling of credits that allows a country, company, or entity to emit a specific quantity of carbon dioxide. The credits are authorized by governments with the aim to gradually reduce the overall carbon emission and alleviate its contribution to climate changes.

China, in July 2021, started a national emission-trading program. The program currently involves 2,225 companies in the power sector. The program is designed to aid the country reach its goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This program will overtake the European Union Emissions Trading System to become the world’s largest carbon trade market.

How does Carbon Trade work?

The carbon trade commenced with the Kyoto Protocol. It was a United Nations treaty set in 2005 with the aim to alleviate the global carbon emission and mitigate climate change.

The carbon trade works in the following way. Each country is allocated with a certain number of permits to emit carbon dioxide. For instance, if a country does not utilize all of its permits, it can sell the unused permits to another country. However, a slightly small number of new permits is allocated to each country every year.

The main agenda is to motivate each country to cut back on its carbon emission as an incentive to sell its new permits. The bigger and wealthier nations used to buy the credit from the poor and higher polluting countries. But over time, those wealthier countries reduced their emissions. As a result, those nations don’t need to buy as many on the market now.

The Cap-and-Trade System

The cap-and-trade system is a variation on carbon trade, in which, the trade is conducted between companies and is authorized and regulated by the government. Each firm is given a maximum carbon pollution allowance and unutilized allowances can be sold to the other firms. The main aim is to ensure that companies as a whole do not exceed the baseline level of pollution, which is reduced annually.

In the U.S. and Canada, a group of states and provinces got together to start the Western Climate initiative while the state of California has its own cap-and-trade program.

Countries don’t pay for the harsh effects of burning the fossil fuels and producing carbon dioxide, they incur some costs such as the price of the fuel. While the price of the fossil fuel is a cost itself, there are other costs as well, which are known as externalities. Externalities are the cost or benefits received by the society at large who may or may not consume products that cause such externalities. Even though externalities can be positive in nature, they are usually negative which means that consumption causes adverse effects on third party. For example, using fossil fuel as a source of energy causes environmental harm and global warming which are negative externalities experienced by the almost everyone despite people who might not indulge in fossil fuel consumptions.

Does carbon trading work to reduce emission?

Carbon trading is extensively criticized, especially because of the carbon dioxide emissions in industrialized countries is not declining at the necessary rate to avert the catastrophic climate change.

Many scientists believe that the best way is to shift to a low carbon energy, transport, agriculture, and industrial world now. They believe that we don’t have time to wait on the high price on carbon, thus, we need to directly regulate the use of the fossil fuel. There has been no evidence to prove that carbon trading has provided us with any form of monetary gain. However, the concept of pollution trading keeps appearing in proposals to reduce the environmental harm, despite the flaws.

Advantages of Carbon Trading

The argument is that companies have a choice to use the most cost-effective method of meeting the requirements. For instance, these firms have incentives to reduce the carbon emissions and develop better technology to promote that. However, it is said to believe that if the price of permits is low, these companies might decide to buy more.

The main idea behind carbon trading is to gradually reduce the number of permits given every year by the government. Thus, forcing the companies to find more ways to reduce carbon emissions.

Disadvantages of Carbon Trading

  • Deciding the number of permits to allow is a complex task. For instance, in the initial period of 2005 – 2007, when the EU introduced the system of carbon trading, the price of the carbon permits came down to zero as the EU misinterpreted the number of permits.
  • It is very difficult to measure the carbon emissions of a company. Hence, making it a complicated system as well as difficult in measuring the constant transaction costs involved in the buying and selling of permits.
  • If carbon trading is effective in one country but not being followed in the other countries, it may cause a production shift to the others, known as the Free rider problem. Excess carbon emissions are a global issue and requires a global solution. Thus, countries don’t want to start carbon trading due to the fear of other countries free riding on their efforts.
  • Carbon tax might be a much simpler and easier to administer. Carbon trading might have greater impact on the low-income areas who have opportunities to change their lifestyle.

Useful resources

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Green Investments

Green Investments

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about Green Investments.

Introduction

Green investments, also known as eco investments, are investment activities that target companies focusing on environmentally conscious business projects or practices. This includes, but is not limited to, protection of natural resources, production of clean energy resources, or execution of sustainable projects. Green investments are a type of Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) but they are much more specific than SRI.

Green investments, according to some investors, are investments in any company that has eco-friendly policies and practices guiding its day-to-day operations and future growth. Other investors argue that a company can only be considered a green investment if it is directly involved in environmentally beneficial products or services, such as renewable energy or compostable materials. However, the idea is simple: a green investment should have a positive environmental impact. As a result, green investments are becoming increasingly popular among those seeking to align their financial lives with their environmental values.

Green issues have taken the center stage in the financial world. Many investors started looking for companies that were “better than their competitors in terms of managing their environmental impact” in the 1990s. While some investors continue to concentrate their funds on avoiding only “the most atrocious polluters”, many investors have shifted their focus to using money in a positive, transformative way.

Since 2007, over $1.248 trillion has been invested in solar, wind, geothermal, ocean/hydro, and other green sectors, according to the Global Climate Prosperity Scoreboard, which was launched by Ethical Markets Media and The Climate Prosperity Alliance to track private investments in green companies. This figure includes investments from North America, China, India, and Brazil, as well as investments from other developing nations.

SRI, ESG, and green investing: what is the difference?

Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) criteria refers to healthy practices undertaken by firms. It helps investors to analyze potential investments that may have a prominent impact on the environment/society. ESG criteria are integrated to enhance the traditional financial analysis of investment by identifying potential risks and opportunities beyond purely financial valuations. The main objective of ESG evaluation remains financial performance, even though social performance is also taken into account.

Socially Responsible Investing (SRI) is a step up to ESG since the investment process actively eliminates or selects investments according to specific ethical agendas. SRI uses ESG criteria (which facilitate valuation) to apply negative or positive screens on the investments.

While green investing is often lumped together with SRI or ESG criteria, it is technically not the same thing. To be clear, green investing could be considered a type of SRI and ESG criteria. But while SRI and ESG criteria also includes companies that make quality choices with regards to human rights, social justice or other positive social impacts, green investing sticks solely to companies with environmentally beneficial policies and products.

Understanding Green Investing

Green investments that generate all or majority of their profits from green activities are termed as pure-play green investments. Despite its widespread use, the term “green” can be ambiguous. When people talk about “green investments,” they are referring to activities that, in a popular sense, are either directly or indirectly beneficial to the environment.

What qualifies as a “green investment” is a bit of a grey area because individual beliefs on what constitutes a “green investment” differ. Some investors prefer pure-play investments, such as companies that conduct research or manufacture renewable fuels and energy-saving technology. Other investors back businesses that not only follow good business practices in terms of how they use natural resources and manage waste but also generate revenue from a variety of sources.

For some, buying stock in a company that pioneers environmentally conscious business practices in a traditionally “ungreen” industry may be a green investment, but for others, it isn’t. For example, an oil company that has a good track record in terms of environmental practices. While it is environmentally sound for the company to take precautions to limit direct environmental damage, some people may object to buying its stock as a green investment because such companies are a primary cause of global warming since they indulge in burning of fossil fuels.

Advantages and disadvantages of green investing

Green investing is a fantastic way to financially support companies that share your environmental values. However, all investments have advantages and disadvantages, and green investing is no exception.

Advantages of green investing

Supports environmentally conscious businesses

When it comes to bringing positive environmental change, it can sometimes feel like an individual does not have much power as an individual. However, by investing in environmentally friendly businesses, an individual investor can, directly and indirectly, encourage them to make environmentally sound decisions.

Aids in the financing of new environmental innovation

As the climate changes, our world faces a slew of new challenges. Dealing with these issues requires a significant investment of financial resources. As a result, investing in environmentally friendly businesses can aid in the development of new green technologies.

Long-term growth potential

As countries around the world seek to mitigate the effects of climate change, renewable energies and other environmentally friendly products and services are well-positioned for long-term growth. This means that a small investment in a green business now could pay off handsomely in the future.

Disadvantages of green investing

The potential for short-term losses

While there is a lot of hope that green investments will be financially successful in the long run, they may not be as successful in the short term as other businesses. Green investments may result in losses or only modest gains in the near future, as eco-conscious companies will not compromise their values for financial gain.

Finding green investments is difficult

While many companies believe that slapping some green packaging on a product qualifies them as an environmentally conscious company, this is far from the case. This could make it more difficult for someone to find good green investments as an investor. To determine whether a company is truly committed to positive environmental policies and action, one must often conduct extensive research.

Policies and practices of a company can change at any time

It’s important to remember that policies and practices of a company can change at any time, and not always for the better. A new CEO or stakeholder pressure can cause a company to abandon its green initiatives, lowering the ethical value of your investments.

Useful resources

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Conscious Capitalism

Conscious Capitalism

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about Conscious Capitalism.

Introduction

Conscious Capitalism is mainly focused on creating a more ethical business, whilst pursuing profits. The main premise behind conscious capitalism is to make businesses more socially responsible in their economic and political philosophies. Ideally, these businesses should consider benefitting all its stakeholders including employees, suppliers and customers, and the environment and society at large, not just the shareholders and the top management team.

Conscious capitalism is not only about funding charitable events or about the different programs. It is driven by an ongoing and integrated approach to self-awareness, social responsibility and purposeful decision making.

Comprehending Conscious Capitalism

The concept of Conscious Capitalism has been founded by John Mackey, co-founder and CEO of Whole Foods Market as well as Professor Raj Sisodia (Marketing department, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico), who wrote a book together on this philosophy “Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business” and founded a non-profit organization called “Conscious Capitalism” which has chapters in more than two dozen U.S. cities and 10 other countries.

While the conscious capitalism credo acknowledges free market capitalism being the most powerful system to ensure human progress and social cooperation, firms and other organizations can still achieve more. It does not mean that profit seeking will take a backseat in conscious capitalism, but it encourages to incorporate all common interests into the plan. Conscious capitalism includes competition, entrepreneurship, freedom to trade, and voluntary exchange. But the credo is also built on the foundation of traditional capitalism as well as elements including trust, compassion, value creation and collaboration. Although profit seeking is not minimized in conscious capitalism, the concept focuses on integrating the interests of all major stakeholders in a company.

There are four guiding principles behind this philosophy:

Higher Purpose

A company that sticks to the main principles of conscious capitalism focuses on profits as well as the purpose beyond this profit. This purpose inspires and engages with the key stakeholders.

Stakeholder Orientation

Companies have various stakeholders including customers, employees, suppliers, and investors among others. Some companies focus on return to their stakeholders, barring everything else. On the other hand, a conscious business, focuses on the business as a whole to create and optimize its value for all its shareholders.

Conscious Leadership

Conscious leaders focus on the value of “we” rather than “I” to drive their businesses. This in turn cultivates a culture of conscious capitalism in the company.

Conscious Culture

The sum of the values and principles that constitute the social and moral fabric of a business is known as corporate culture. A conscious culture, on the other hand, is where the policy of conscious capitalism enters a business and creates a spirit of trust and cooperation among all its shareholders.

What is the difference between Conscious Capitalism and Corporate Social Responsibility?

The main difference between conscious capitalism and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is that conscious capitalism is rooted in a company’s philosophy, it is a more comprehensive and holistic approach connecting companies to the society. On the other hand, CSR employs the traditional business models to different entities.

Moreover, conscious capitalism works to create new ethics and values for its stakeholders. In their book, “Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business”, Mackey and Sisodia explain how conscious companies do not necessarily have to do anything outside of its normal functions to become socially responsible, which in turn creates value for its internal and external stakeholders. But at times such businesses also employ various CSR initiatives.

Benefits of Conscious Capitalism

A growing number of businesses including Whole Foods Market, Starbucks, The Container Store, and Trader Joe’s have adopted the practices and principles of conscious capitalism, making it an increasingly popular concept in the business world. Companies that choose to reject this may notice an adverse effect on their profits and revenues.

Companies that have chosen to adopt this philosophy reap significant rewards. Nowadays, many investors and consumers consider the impact of businesses on the environment. These stakeholders look for businesses that give equal importance to moral principles as well as corporate values. According to Nielsen’s 2014 report titled, “Global Survey on Corporate Social Responsibility”, 55% of consumers worldwide, said they would prefer to spend more on products and services that support worthwhile causes.

Criticism of Conscious Capitalism

There has been an overall favorable sentiment towards the philosophy of conscious capitalism, but there has been some criticism as well. The critics are opposed to the philosophy that conscious capitalism can fix the issues within the corporate world. They also believe that adopting such practices might not sit well with the shareholders of the company who are solely after good returns. Some critics believe that the responsibility of conscious capitalism should not only fall on the private sector. They believe that through the collective efforts of the leaders and public policy the responsibility can be shared, and change can be brought out.

Useful resources

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Sin Stocks

Sin Stocks

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about sin stocks.

Introduction

Sin stocks are shares of publicly traded companies that are indulged in business activities or industries considered unethical, corrupt, or unpleasant. It is referred for companies involved in sectors dealing with morally dubious actions. Traditionally, the sectors mainly included weaponry, alcohol, gambling, and tobacco. Ethical investors, that is investors who believe in socially responsible investing, exclude sin stocks since such companies tend to make money by exploiting society and the environment.

Diverse cultures have different opinions on what constitutes a sin, making it a relative concept. Generally, sin stocks include alcohol but for instance, brewing beer or making wine is considered a noble tradition in different parts of the world. While some investors disregard weapon production on account of ethical basis, serving in the military can be considered as an act of patriotism by others.

Understanding Sin Stocks

Sin stock sectors often include tobacco, alcohol, gambling, weapon manufacturers, and sex related industries. They can also be categorized by the regional and societal expectations of our society which varies across the world. Political beliefs can also influence what is considered as a sin stock. Some people include military contractors, while others consider supporting the military a sign of patriotism. Sin stocks, also known as “sinful stock”, are on the opposite side from ethical and socially responsible investing whose main aim is to find investments that give an overall benefit to the society.

It is difficult to categorize sin stocks, as sin relies on the personal feeling of the investor towards the industry. Alcohol producers like Anheuser-Busch and tobacco firms like Phillip Morris are often on the list of sin stock. Even weapon manufacturers like Smith & Wesson are on those lists. A company like General Dynamics may not make the list, depending upon the investor’s views on supplying weapon systems to the military. Many gambling stocks are linked to hotels, such as Caesars Entertainment Corporation or Las Vegas Sands Corp. Therefore, it can also be difficult to disentangle the sin portions of some businesses.

Benefits of Sin Stocks

Investing in sin stocks may be objectionable to some investors. However, many of these sin stocks are sound investments. The essence of their business ensures that they have a steady flow of customers. The demand for their products or services is relatively inelastic (an increase in the price of the good does not decrease the demand of that good to a great degree and vice versa), making their business more recession-proof than other companies. Due to the social and regulatory risks, competitors get discouraged from entering the market, thus adding to the downside protection. The lesser level of competition ensures big margins and stable profits for sin stocks.

Some researchers suggest that sin stocks may also be undervalued. The negative depiction of sin stocks causes analysts and institutional investors to avoid them, making them more attractive to investors willing to take the risk. Several of the biggest sin stocks generate amazing long-term record of shareholder value.

Disadvantages of Sin Stocks

Sin stocks face a greater political risk than most other stocks, which may translate into higher risk of declaring bankruptcy. Furthermore, sin stocks face a greater risk of being declared unethical and forced out of business. The first step towards outlawing an industry is directly related to its public perception. For instance, prohibitions on drugs and alcohol would’ve seemed very strange in the 18th century in the U.S. while, it seemed completely normal during parts of the 20th century. This is due to the public who began to associate alcohol and drugs with various crimes taking place in the 19th century before these bans.

Sin taxes are a threat that is faced by sin stocks even when they are not outlawed. This is due to the political and economic factors. Politically speaking, many conservatives who are generally opposed to taxes are willing to cast their vote for taxes on practices they consider immoral. From an economic standpoint, sin taxes are supported, resulting in higher taxes for sin stocks. Whenever a good or service is taxed, some people reduce its consumption in response to the tax, resulting in, not producing any tax revenue. Moreover, it decreases the happiness of people who would otherwise consume the good or service. Such a typical result of a tax is a deadweight loss for community. However, it can be argued that taxing a sin stock, for instance, tobacco, benefits the society as lower tobacco consumption eventually progresses health and lowers medical expenses.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the decision to invest in stocks questions the general issue of socially responsible and ethical investing – and whether you feel that your principles should influence your principal.

Some investors believe that it is up to individuals to decide whether they want to smoke, drink, or gamble, despite the risks. Other investors think that the companies producing these products are partly to blame for individuals’ consumption, especially when that consumption becomes addictive, and products are engineered to be addictive.

Useful resources

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

United Nations Global Compact

United Nations Global Compact

Anant Jain

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about the United Nations Global Compact.

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) Global Compact is a worldwide initiative to assist and support companies devoted to responsible business practices in human rights, environment, labor, and corruption. This UN-led initiative supports activities that contribute to sustainable development goals to build a better world.

The UN Global Compact is formulated on Ten Principles that should define a company’s core value system and its approach to conducting business. Within the compact (an agreement between the UN and any company becoming a member), member companies are expected to engage in specific business practices that help people and the planet while seeking profitability with integrity. Beyond the agreement, the UN assist and support member companies in different ways:

  • Networking opportunities with other UN Global Compact participants from over 160 countries
  • Local network support by the UN Global Compact’s country specific teams in over 85 countries
  • Access for partnership with a range of stakeholders
  • Access to tools, resources, and training along with the best practical guidance by the UN Global Compact.

The Ten Principles of the United Nations Global Compact

The Ten Principles of the UN Global Compact, as stated on its website, are mentioned below:

Human rights

Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights.

Principle 2: Make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses.

Labor

Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.

Principle 4: The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor.

Principle 5: The effective abolition of child labor.

Principle 6: The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.

Environment

Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges.

Principle 8: Undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility.

Principle 9: Encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies.

Anti-corruption

Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.

Companies that join the UN Global Compact initiative are expected to integrate the ten principles of the UN Global Compact into their corporate strategies, organizational culture, and daily logistics. The companies are also expected to promote the principles publicly. Any company may join the UN Global Compact and commit to uphold the principles, but it is not legally binding and purely voluntary.

Benefits for companies to join the UN Global Compact

Companies may choose to join the UN Global Compact because of the significance of corporate codes of conduct for growing and sustaining healthy relationships with clients, employees, and other stakeholders. It is also essential to avoid governing and judicial problems.

Moreover, companies that pledge to sustainability might gain the upper hand in untapped markets, attract and retain business partners, develop new products and services in a lower-risk environment, and boost employee satisfaction and efficiency.

UN Global Compact Strategy 2021-2023

The United Nations Global Compact is positioned to assist companies to align with their sustainable practices while recuperating from the COVID-19 pandemic. With the aid of all 193 participant countries of the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Global Compact continues to be the exclusive global regulating authority and the reference point for action and leadership within a developing global corporate sustainability transition. Its latest strategy intends to leverage this position and upgrade the expected outcomes of businesses to incorporate the principles laid down by UN Global Compact.

The UN Global Compact provides a blueprint to companies. The COVID-19 global pandemic and ongoing climate crisis already hindered the progress, the world attained by embracing the global goals in 2015. Therefore, this strategy aims to regain that lost grip and advance much further by persuading global businesses to scale up their contributions.

The 2021–2023 UN Global Compact Strategy is formulated around five chief elements. Each element follows a fixed set of preferences, engagement with specific personnel, programs to be emphasized, and operations methodology. The impact for this mission will be derived through two main media, which are as follows:

  • Accountable companies: Businesses dedicated to fastening their own individual company’s progress to implement and sustain the Ten Principles, and to contribute to the Global Goals.
  • Enabling ecosystems: Global and local communities and networks that inspire, support and aid combined effort to attain the goal.

The new global strategy for 2021–2023 covers five essential transformations to increase the actions and the scale of these actions of businesses. The five primary shifts are mentioned below:

1) Making Companies Accountable

One of the main elements of the new strategy is to fasten the pace and the growth rate of the participating companies’ corporate sustainability and responsible practices while keeping the companies accountable. The UN Global Compact will use explicit, measurable targets within an intensified reporting framework to hold the participating companies accountable.

2) A Harmonious Growth of Local and Regional Networks

The UN Global Compact will empower the Global Compact Local Networks and the base of all their work. They will also build more dynamic national ecosystems for business sustainability. This step should help start new national and regional Global Compact networks. The focus areas will be the Global South, the United States, and China.

3) Mapping Impact in Priority Areas

UN Global Compact programs will concentrate on the Ten Principles to direct action on five priority Global Goals. These programs will be co-created with the Local Networks that will finally deliver these programs. All programs will be adapted to country-specific requirements. The priority areas are as follows:

  • Gender Equality (SDG 5): to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG 8): to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
  • Climate Action (SDG 13): to take urgent actions to combat climate changes and its impacts.
  • Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions (SDG 16): to promote peaceful and inclusive socities for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
  • Partnerships (SDG 17): to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

4) Harnessing the Combined Action of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (SMEs)

The UN Global Compact includes most of the world’s businesses and employers. They will leverage this to establish targeted and cross-cutting SME programs that will utilize digital tools and value chains to improve the scale.

5) More active engagement with the United Nations and its partners

The UN Global Compact will increase their collaboration at the global and nation level with United Nations agencies and UN country-specific teams. The main agenda for this is to increase the outreach to promote responsible business practices around the world.

Useful resources

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

Jain A. Impact Investing

Jain A. Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) Criteria

Jain A. Socially Responsible Investing

About the author

The article was written in October 2021 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Smart beta 2.0

Youssef_Louraoui

In this article, Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021) presents the concept of Smart beta 2.0, an enhancement of the first generation of smart beta strategies.

The structure of this post is as follows: we begin by defining smart beta 2.0 as a topic. We then discuss then the characteristics of smart beta 2.0.

Definition

“Smart beta 2.0” is an expression introduced by Amenc, Goltz and Martellini (2013) from the EDHEC-Risk Institute. This new vision of smart beta investment intends to empower investors to maximize the performance of their smart beta investments while managing their risk. Rather than offering solely pre-packaged alternatives to equity market-capitalization-weighted indexes, the Smart beta 2.0 methodology enables investors to experiment with multiple smart beta indexes to create a benchmark that matches their own risk preferences, and by extension increase their portfolio diversification overall.

Characteristics of smart beta 2.0 strategies

The main characteristic of smart beta 2.0 strategies compared to smart beta 1.0 strategies is portfolio diversification.

If factor-tilted strategies (i.e., portfolios with a part specifically invested in factor strategies) do not consider a diversification-based goal, they may result in very concentrated portfolios in order to achieve their factor tilts. Investors have lately started to integrate factor tilts with diversification-based weighting methods to create well-diversified portfolios using a flexible strategy known as Smart beta 2.0 (EDHEC-Risk Institute, 2016).

This method, in particular, enables the creation of factor-tilted indexes that are also adequately diversified by using a diversification-based weighting scheme. Because it combines the smart weighting scheme with the explicit factor tilt (Amenc et al., 2014), this strategy is also known as “smart factor investment”. In order to achieve extra value-added, investors are increasingly focusing on allocation choices across factor investing techniques.

The basic foundation for the smart beta has been substantially outstripped by its success with institutional investors. It is clear that market-capitalization-weighted indices have no counterpart when it comes to capturing market fluctuations (Amenc et al., 2013). Even the harshest detractors of market-capitalization-weighted, in the end, use market-capitalization-weighted indices to assess the success of their own new indexes (Amenc et al., 2013). In fact, because smart beta strategies outperform market-capitalization-weighted indexes, the great majority of investors are likely to pick them. While everyone believes cap-weighted indexes provide the most accurate representation of the market, they do not always provide an efficient benchmark that can be used as a reference for a strategic allocation. It’s worth noting that smart beta 2.0 seeks to close the gap in terms of exposure to factors from the first generation, but it doesn’t guarantee outperformance over market-capitalization-weighted strategies (Amenc et al., 2013).

Why should I be interested in this post?

If you are a business school or university undergraduate or graduate student, this content will help you in understanding the evolution of asset management during the last decades and in broadening your knowledge of finance.

Smart beta funds have become a hot issue among investors in recent years. Smart beta is a game-changing invention that addresses an unmet need among investors: a higher return for lower risk, net of transaction and administrative costs. In a way, these strategies (smart beta 1.0 and then smart beta 2.0) have created a new market. As a result, smart beta is gaining traction and influencing the asset management industry.

Related posts on the SimTrade blog

Factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Factor Investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Origin of factor investing

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Smart beta 1.0

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Alternatives to market-capitalization weighting strategies

Factors

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Size Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Value Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Yield Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Momentum Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Quality Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Growth Factor

   ▶ Youssef LOURAOUI Minimum Volatility Factor

Useful resources

Amenc, N., F., Goltz, F., Le Sourd, V., 2016. Investor perception about Smart beta ETF. EDHEC-Risk Institute working paper.

Amenc, N., F., Goltz, F., Martellini, L., 2013. Smart beta 2.0. EDHEC-Risk Institute working paper.

Amenc, N., F., Goltz, F., Martinelli, L., Deguest, R., Lodh, A., Shirbini, E., 2014. Risk Allocation, Factor Investing and Smart Beta: Reconciling Innovations in Equity Portfolio Construction. EDHEC-Risk Institute working paper.

About the author

The article was written in September 2021 by Youssef LOURAOUI (ESSEC Business School, Global Bachelor of Business Administration, 2017-2021).