FMCG Sector: M&A Trends And Its Implications

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about the M&A trends in the FMCG sector.

Introduction

The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector plays an essential part in the global economy due to its high volume of goods and consistent consumer demand. It includes goods from everyday essentials such as food and beverages to personal care products, and this sector thrives on efficiency, scale, and market penetration. In recent years, this sector recorded a spike in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities to help companies in the process to be come more globalized companies, increase market penetration, expanding the portfolio of the companies and help becoming more digitalized. This article studies the trends, tactics and effects of M&A in the FMCG sector and supported by data and case studies where applicable.

Figure 1. M&A Transactions & Value Worldwide Across All Sectors.

Source: IMAA

Key Drivers Of M&A In The FMCG Sector

Globalization And Market Expansion

Of the many reasons that drive M&A activity in the FMCG industry, globalization is the most important one. Firms in this industry have ambitions – they want to widen their geographical reach, access new markets and customers, and capitalize on the growth of these establishments in the emerging markets. With the saturation of mature markets such as North America and Western Europe, FMCG companies have been targeting new and emerging economies regions such as Asia, Africa and Latin America where the growth rates are relatively higher.

Global FMCG M&A Activity: According to PwC 2022 reports, the total value of M&A transactions in the consumer goods industry, including FMCG mergers, stood at about $300 billion in the year 2022. Emerging markets accounted for about 25% of this figure, shedding light on the focus of global FMCG strategies.

Case Study – Unilever’s Acquisition of Carver Korea: Unilever acquired Carver Korea for $2.7 billion in 2017. Carver Korea is focused on skincare, a market especially in South Korea that was estimated to grow at a CAGR of 9.2% between 2017 and 2025. Through this acquisition, Unilever enhanced its foothold in the Asian beauty market, where millennial consumers are becoming the target demographic for a leading beauty economy.

Portfolio Diversification

Diversification is a major driver for FMCG companies pursuing M&A. As consumer preferences shift and emerging trends, such as the big trend of health and wellness, companies are extending their products to cater to the changing dynamics. This trend combined has become crucial as FMCG giants are increasing their expansion efforts towards less mature categories, shifting from traditional product categories with slower growth prospects.

Nestlé’s Health and Wellness Strategy: Nestlé has recently been acquiring numerous companies operating within the health and wellness industry. The acquisition of Atrium Innovations for $2.3 billion in 2017 underscored their resolve to broaden their nutritional health services. Specializing in vitamins, minerals, and supplements, Atrium Innovations is positioned in a market projected to reach $349.4 billion dollars in 2026. Nestlé’s diversified strategy fits the emerging trend where consumers are in the market for products which guarantee health, wellness and elongation of lifespan.

Coca-Cola and Costa Coffee: Coca Cola purchased Costa Coffee for $5.1 billion in 2018 as a part of their strategy to enhance diversification by moving beyond non-alcoholic beverages. Investment in Costa Coffee also reflected Coca-Cola’s recognition that coffee is incrementally becoming a category with strong revenue potential especially with the CAGR of 4.3% projected for the coffee market globally.

Innovation And Product Development

Acquisition of small companies that are agile and quick in product development has been the focus of growth for many FMCG companies. As consumers become more selective of what they eat and drink, there is a shift in strategy for many companies that are looking to expand their portfolio through acquisition, targeting high growth areas such as plant-based foods, functional drinks and natural cosmetics.

PepsiCo’s Acquisition of KeVita: PepsiCo’s purchase of the US based company keVita, leading manufacturer of probiotics beverages, for $200 million as a part of the strategy of expanding and capturing a greater share in the functional beverage market. The market worldwide for probiotics is estimated to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 7.2% for the period of 2021 up to 2026. This acquisition reflects the broader trend of FMCG companies acquiring brands in high-growth, health-focused categories.

Sustainability And ESG Pressures

To consumers and businesses alike, sustainability has become a cause that is key to them, and in effect has led to a shift in the landscape of FMCGs. There are high levels of demand and need for sustainable business models among companies that have made M&As focused on acquiring brands that are environmentally friendly.

Unilever and Seventh Generation: Unilever’s acquisition of Seventh Generation, a US based company selling environmentally friendly cleaning products is a response to the change in consumer preferences in regard to their buying behavior. From 2021 to 2028, the market for eco-friendly household items is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.5%. This acquisition made it possible for Unilever to pivot its portfolio to sustainable eco-friendly options which was in line with Unilever’s wider environmental, social and governance strategies goals.

M&A Trends In The FMCG Sector

Rise Of The Health And Wellness Segment

In the FMCG industry, it is relevant to talk about companies’ acquisitions in the health and wellness category as this sector has witnessed one of the fastest growth rates within the FMCG market. As per the market trends, consumers are now more oriented and prone towards healthy lifestyle products, hence the rise in acquisition in this space. According to recent developments, the majority of the FMCG companies are effectively acquiring minor brands from places that specialize in selling plant-based food, vitamins, dietary supplements, and functional beverages.

Global Health and Wellness Industry: As per the Global Wellness Institute, the estimated value of the global health and wellness market is expected to cross $6.9 Trillion by 2025. PepsiCo’s acquisition of KeVita illustrates how FMCGs are buying into companies with health benefits, as KeVita is an innovator in the probiotics market. The move is consistent with PepsiCo’s goal of expanding beyond sodas into healthier options.

Digital And E-Commerce Capabilities

The expansion of e-commerce which has been further fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, has revolutionized the strategies of FMCG marketing. The recent mergers and acquisitions have gravitated towards the acquisition of companies with ability to perform and distribute goods directly to customers (DTC). Such trends are likely to prevail with e-commerce becoming a very important target to the selling of FMCG products.

Growth of FMCG E-Commerce: According to Kantar, in 2022, the e-commerce market of the Fast Moving Consumer Goods globally increased by 16%. To participate in this growth, FMCG players are expanding through mergers and acquisitions. Unilever’s acquisition of Onnit, a predominantly e-commerce wellness company, is an example of this transition.

Private Label Consolidation

The rise of private label brands has been evident given the demand from customers for quality products but at cheaper prices. This has in turn created a scenario where large FMCG companies have moved to buy private label manufacturing companies.

Private Label Market Share: As per NielsenIQ, private labels in Europe represent about 40% of the market. This trend spurred extensive consolidation in the industry as traditional FMCGs tried to protect market share by expanding their private label businesses against retailers’ brands.

Focus On Regional Players

Acquisition of regional players remains a popular corporate strategy for global multinationals in the FMCG industry. These acquisitions enable the companies to tap into local knowledge, existing distribution channels and local consumer tastes and preferences.

Regional FMCG M&A: Approximately 35% of the FMCG acquisition deals arranged in 2022 were targeted at acquiring regional players. This indicates the shift towards localized customizing of goods and services, especially in developing countries which tend to be very different in terms of their consumer base from western markets.

Implications Of M&A In The FMCG Sector

Increased Competition

The consolidation of FMCG companies through M&A has led to increased competition in the marketplace. This is because larger and more established players are able to leverage economies of scale, enhance their marketing capabilities, and invest in new product development, putting significant pressure on smaller players.

Global FMCG Market Size: According to Allied Market Research, the global FMCG market is on track to reach $15.4 trillion by the year 2025 and is expected to grow at a 4.9% CAGR. It is anticipated that this growth will be led by larger FGMC players hence leaving little room for smaller independent firms unless they figure out a way to innovate or are bought off.

Consumer Choice And Innovation

While M&A can lead to greater innovation as companies acquire new capabilities, it can also result in fewer choices for consumers if large companies consolidate and dominate key segments. Balancing innovation with consumer choice remains a challenge for FMCG giants.

Innovation through Acquisition: The research conducted by Deloitte’s M&A has shown that 75% of FMCG’s CEOs, view merger and acquisitions of smaller agile companies as rational and a desirable form of development. It is important to emphasize the position of M&A in the FMCG sector as a facilitator of innovation but as a means of ensuring diversity in the market.

Supply Chain Efficiencies

One of the main financial benefits of M&A is the realization of supply chain efficiencies. By consolidating supply chains and leveraging economies of scale, companies can reduce costs and improve profitability. However, this often involves the closure of redundant facilities and potential job losses.

Cost Synergies in FMCG M&A: Bain & Company estimates that FMCG companies typically achieve cost synergies of 5-10% following acquisitions, primarily through supply chain optimization and the elimination of overlapping processes. While these efficiencies benefit shareholders, they can also lead to short-term disruptions in the workforce.

Regulatory And Antitrust Scrutiny

As M&A activity in the FMCG sector increases, companies must also contend with regulatory scrutiny. Antitrust regulators, particularly in the U.S. and Europe, have become increasingly concerned with the impact of consolidation on competition.

Regulatory Actions: The takeover of Pioneer Foods by PepsiCo was ineffective in 2018 because the European Commission disallowed the merger on account of what it perceived as reduced competition in the food and drink market. More regulatory evaluation can be expected especially in situation where big FMCG companies want to acquire key competitors in the industry.

Conclusion

Rapid changes continue to occur in the FMCG industry and these changes are being driven by M&As. Through these strategic alliances, companies optimize growth in new markets, grow their business through other more versatile brands, or target expansion/diversification. However, as the sector consolidates, companies must carefully navigate regulatory challenges, maintain consumer choice, and balance innovation with market competition. The next decade is likely to see continued M&A activity as FMCG companies respond to evolving consumer preferences, digital disruptions, and sustainability pressures.

Related Posts On The SimTrade Blog

▶ Anant JAIN Top 12 FMCG Companies Worldwide

▶ Lilian BALLOIS M&A Strategies: Benefits and Challenges

▶ Suyue MA Analysis of synergy-based theories for M&A

▶ Basma ISSADIK My experience as an M&A Analyst Intern at Oaklins Atlas Capital

Useful Resources

PwC – Consumer Markets Insights 2022

Statista FMCG Market Data

Grand View Research FMCG and Health & Wellness Market Reports

Deloitte Consumer Products M&A Outlook

Global Wellness Institute Global Wellness Economy Report

Kantar FMCG E-Commerce Growth Report

Bain & Company Synergies in M&A

European Commission Merger Control Decisions

About The Author

The article was written in February 2025 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Top 12 FMCG Companies Worldwide: Growth, Market Share, and Investment Opportunities

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about the top 12 FMCG companies around the world.

Introduction

The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector makes a vital contribution towards the economy as it comprises of low-cost goods that are sold within a short duration. The sector encompasses items that are purchased for consumption such as food and beverages as well as household and personal care products such as toothpaste etc.

This article identifies the top 12 FMCG companies with the highest sales globally focusing on their performance, growth in market share, increases in sales volume and a look at opportunities for growth to potential investors.

Figure 1. Top FMCG Companies & Their Brands.

Source: Quartr

#1 Nestlé

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: Swiss | Vevey, Switzerland
• Market Capitalization: $350 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $94.4 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Leading player in global food and beverage, with significant shares in categories such as coffee (Nespresso) and bottled water (Poland Spring)
• Sales Growth: 6% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Nestlé is the largest food and beverage company in the world with wide range of products in its basket including dairy, coffee, bottled water, snacks, baby food etc. Its product range includes famous brands like KitKat, Nescafe, and Purina. Nestlé’s strategic emphasis on nutrition, health, and wellness has allowed it to capture significant market share in various segments.

Key Insight

The market capitalization of Nestlé has been increasing by approximately 10% YOY. Almost one-third of the company’s portfolio has been realigned to focus on high growth areas like plant-based foods or wellness products. In addition, the above factors combined with its expenditure on e-commerce and digital marketing have allowed the company to create a wider market enhancing further its growth capacity.

#2 PepsiCo

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | Purchase, New York, USA
• Market Capitalization: $250 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $86 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 29% in the global snacks market
• Sales Growth: 6% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

PepsiCo is an American multinational food and beverage corporation holding worldwide famous brands of snacks (such as Lay’s, Doritos), drinks (Pepsi, Mountain Dew), and nutrition products (Quaker Oats). As the company has been quite successful in expanding its product line, more efforts should be invested into developing health-related snack and beverage products.

Key Insight

PepsiCo’s investment into healthy snacks products as of 2023 has contributed a further 10% rise in its snacks unit. The company has also embarked on a $400 million investment targeted towards sustainable solutions which will make it more attractive to consumers and investors who are more eco-friendly. In addition, PepsiCo has also focused on digital marketing strategies, and this has boosted its online sales by 25% compared to the previous year.

#3 Procter & Gamble (P&G)

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
• Market Capitalization: $380 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $76 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 18% in the U.S. household care market
• Sales Growth: 5% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

P&G is a leading global consumer goods company specializing in a variety of products across multiple categories, including personal care, cleaning agents, and health care. With a portfolio that includes well-known brands such as Tide, Gillette, and Pantene, P&G maintains a strong presence in both developed and emerging markets. The company has dominantly focused on innovation, sustainability alongside consumer engagement which has made it cope effectively with widening market scope.

Key Insight

Over the last five years, P&G has maintained an impressive Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of around 5%. The company allocates approximately $1.5 billion a year on R&D with high emphasis on consumer insights and the digital space. This commitment to innovation, coupled with targeted marketing strategies, positions P&G as a formidable player in the FMCG sector.

#4 Unilever

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: British-Dutch | London, United Kingdom
• Market Capitalization: $250 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $63 billion (2023)
• Market Share: About 13% in the global personal care market
• Sales Growth: 7% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Unilever manufactures a wide range of consumer products in multiple categories including food and beverages, personal care and home care among others. Due to brand names like Dove, Knorr, and Lipton, Unilever has carved a position for itself as one of the leaders in sustainability and social responsibility. The company has now committed to cut its carbon footprint and positively impact the lives of its consumers around the globe.

Key Insight

Unilever’s strategic emphasis on emerging economies has led to a 9% growth in developing regions such as Asia and Africa. The company’s approach of investing in local production facilities and sourcing materials locally has improved its market access in these regions. Besides, Unilever has plans to raise its expenditure on digital and e-commerce platforms to $1 billion in the next few years which will give it an extra advantage in the marketplace.

#5 Coca-Cola

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | Atlanta, Georgia, USA
• Market Capitalization: $250 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $43 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 43% in the U.S. carbonated soft drink market
• Sales Growth: 9% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Coca-Cola is one of the pioneers of non-alcoholic carbonated drinks and is a global beverage leader, consisting primarily of Coca-Cola soda beverages. The company’s range extends beyond fizzy drinks and includes many juice, tea, and bottled water brands, with Fanta, Sprite and Dasani the primary products. Aware of changing consumer trends, Coca-Cola has proactively sought to diversify its product assortment to include healthier beverages.

Key Insight

After looking at Coca Cola’s 6% CAGR in the past 3 years, one thing is for sure; the company’s global sales volume has skyrocketed ever since the world was lost to the COVID pandemic. It’s worth noting that Coca-Cola managed to capture sizable portions of the functional market segment by emphasizing on introducing healthier options: namely low or no sugar beverages. Also, among the prospects of the company is the significant goal of the company to utilize eco-friendly sustainable materials, allowing the marketer to have at least 50% recycled material in all packaging by the year 2030.

#6 L’Oréal

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: French | Clichy, France
• Market Capitalization: $240 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $39 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 30% in the global cosmetics market
• Sales Growth: 8% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

L’Oreal is a renowned manufacturer and seller of various beauty and cosmetic products such as skincare lines, makeup and hair care products. Brands under its portfolio include Lancôme, Garnier and Maybelline. L’Oreal has an impressive and outstanding record in investment as well as commitment towards the research and development of beauty and skincare lines.

Key Insight

L‘Oréal’s direct-to-consumer (DTC) sales have expanded by 35% which indicates that there are emerging changes in the purchasing behavior of the consumers. In addition, the company has set a target of investing $1 billion on sustainability initiatives towards 2025 and this is likely to increase its appeal for socially responsible investors. Moreover, L’Oréal’s focus on inclusivity and diversity in its marketing strategies has further broadened its consumer base.

#7 Danone

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: French | Paris, France
• Market Capitalization: $40 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $28 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 14% in the global dairy market
• Sales Growth: 6% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Danone specializes in dairy and plant-based products, nutrition for infants and children, and bottled waters. The principal brands include Activia, Evian and Nutrilon. It is worth noting that the company’s special focus on health and nutrition is tantamount to increased health consciousness among consumers.

Key Insight

Danone’s focus on sustainability has led to a 12% increase in its plant-based product sales. The company’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint has positioned it favorably among environmentally conscious consumers. Danone’s strategic partnerships with health-focused organizations further enhance its market credibility and appeal.

#8 Mondelez International

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | New York, USA
• Market Capitalization: $100 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $28 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Leading player in the global snacks and chocolate market, with around 15% market share
• Sales Growth: 5% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Mondelez specializes in snacks, including biscuits, chocolate, and candy. Its portfolio features iconic brands such as Oreo, Cadbury, and Trident. The company has focused on expanding its offerings in premium and organic snack categories, capitalizing on changing consumer preferences.

Key Insight

Mondelez sustains an online sales increase of 25% in 2023 YOY, growing as majority of shopping moves to the online space. Mondelez focus on premium organic and gluten-free snacks has been well received by the market. Mondelez marketing has also paid off as the company has devoted significant resources to promoting its green strategy.

#9 Kimberly-Clark

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | Irving, Texas, USA
• Market Capitalization: $50 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $20 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Leading player in personal care, with around 27% in the U.S. diaper market
• Sales Growth: 4% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Kimberly-Clark focuses on the manufacturing and selling of personal care and hygiene products which include Huggies, Kotex, Scott etc. in their range. The company is innovation driven & focus its attention on the preferences of consumers with significant emphasis on sustaining target market in the product.

Key Insight

Kimberly-Clark has seen a consistent growth rate of 4-5% in its personal care division, fueled by increased birth rates in certain regions. The company’s emphasis on innovation and sustainable product lines positions it well for future expansion, with an estimated $250 million investment planned for R&D over the next three years.

#10 General Mills

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
• Market Capitalization: $50 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $19 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 15% in the U.S. cereal market
• Sales Growth: 5% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

General Mills produces a variety of food products, including cereals, snacks, and meals. Its well-known brands include Cheerios, Betty Crocker, and Häagen-Dazs. The company has focused on innovation and product diversification, adapting to consumer trends toward health and wellness.

Key Insight

General Mills has focused on expanding its portfolio with health-oriented products, leading to a 7% increase in organic sales. The company’s strategic acquisitions and partnerships have strengthened its market position, making it a solid choice for investors looking for steady growth. Furthermore, General Mills has increased its investment in digital marketing, which has proven effective in driving brand loyalty.

#11 Colgate-Palmolive

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: American | New York City, New York, USA
• Market Capitalization: $65 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $18 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Approximately 40% in the global oral care market
• Sales Growth: 4% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Colgate-Palmolive markets and sells oral care, personal care and household products with great focus on Colgate toothpaste and Palmolive soap. The company highlights innovation and eco- friendly appeal in its products to satisfy the current market needs.

Key Insight

There has been a consistent rise in the growth rate for Colgate to about 4% in emerging markets. These are regions which are beginning to embrace oral care practices. The firm has also made a substantial commitment towards advertising as approximately $700 million was spent in 2023 for increasing the presence and interaction of the brand with the customers. Also, recent actions such as the reduction of plastic use firmly positioned Colgate’s brand to the satisfaction of sustainability priorities.

#12 Reckitt Benckiser

Key Figures

• Nationality | HQ: British | Slough, United Kingdom
• Market Capitalization: $55 billion (2024)
• Revenue: $15 billion (2023)
• Market Share: Leading player in health and hygiene, with a 15% share in the disinfectants category
• Sales Growth: 5% increase in sales volume in 2023

Overview

Reckitt Benckiser manufactures health, hygiene and home products and their trademark brands include Dettol, Lysol and Nurofen. The company has focused on expanding its portfolio to include products that address health and hygiene concerns, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Key Insight

Reckitt’s sales of disinfectants surged by 25% during the pandemic, and the company has focused on maintaining this growth by investing in marketing and innovation. The company allocated approximately $500 million in 2023 to design new and innovative products targeting consumer health needs. The position of Reckitt in the forthcoming market after the pandemic period is promising, thanks to the company’s commitment to health and hygiene.

Conclusion

The FMCG sector is still relevant and contributes significantly to the world economy. The companies outlined above are not only involved in high revenue but also increasing their market share and volume of sales on a year-on-year basis. They attract investment opportunities because they present sustainable goods which is the trend among consumers. Such a trend allows investors who want an all-encompassing degree of risk to target these leading FMCG firms as they position themselves for growth in supplying the market through changing demands and maintaining their competitive position worldwide.

Related Posts On The SimTrade Blog

Useful Resources

NielsenIQ’s FMCG Pulse Report

Market Xcel – Top FMCG Brands of 2024

Technavio FMCG Market Forecast 2024-2028

About The Author

The article was written in February 2025 by Anant JAIN ((ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Top 10 Economies In The World In 2024: Dynamics Of Growth And Opportunities For Investment

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) presents the top 10 economies in the world.

Introduction

As we near the end of 2024, the global economic landscape reflects different patterns of growth fostered by technology, demographics and other geopolitical changes. We take a closer look at the world’s ten largest economies in terms of their current Gross Domestic Product (GDP), change over the last five years, interesting facts and factors that provide countries with great investment opportunities in various sectors.

#1 United States (GDP: $27 trillion)

As of 2024, GDP in the United States is projected to reach nearly $27 trillion, solidifying its position as the largest economy in the world. This figure represents an approximate 12% increase from 2019, when the gross domestic product was around $24 trillion. This can be attributed in part to a strong job market, as the unemployment rate at the end of 2023 was 3.5%, along with healthy consumer expenditure which makes up around 70% of the total economic activity.

There are multiple attractive investment opportunities in the USA. The technology sector, more specifically the sub-sectors of artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and fintech is expected to maintain a steady growth of above 15% CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) until 2028. The renewables energy sector is gaining momentum with investments expected to be over $500 billion in the next ten years in line with the country’s aim of attaining net zero emissions by 2050. Real estate is also bringing in investment even in the metropolitan cities which are undergoing a rejuvenation.

Source: World Bank

#2 China (GDP: $19 trillion)

In terms of GDP, China is the second largest nation in the world. For 2024, its GDP is predicted to reach around $19 trillion which means an annual growth of about 9% from $17.4 trillion in 2019. There has been an increase in the rate of urbanization, with more than 64 % of the population being urban dwellers, improving internal consumption and demand.

China has a multitude of investment prospects. Annual growth rates for the technology sector, mainly in 5G, Artificial Intelligence and e-commerce, is expected to be above 20%. With a target to have non fossil fuels contribute 25% of its energy consumption by 2030, solar and wind sectors will encounter major investments. Also, the infrastructural opportunities provided by the ell and road initiative are pulling more and more international investors who are looking to exploit the upward trend of China.

Source: World Bank

#3 Japan (GDP – $5.1 trillion)

Japan’s economy is currently rated at around $5.1 trillion in 2024 and has been growing at a rate of about 7% from $4.75 trillion in the year 2019. The country has its share of demographic problems including an unfavorable aging population and relatively low amount of births. However, the country has sustained its superiority in technology and manufacturing industries, specifically in the robotics and healthcare manufacturing.

Japan is on the recovery path, and visible investment opportunities exist in some key sectors. Robotics, which is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of 15%, would be most useful in the case of healthcare and in automating manufacturing processes. The renewable energy sector hopes to increase the generation of renewables to 36% of its energy generation mix by 2030, creating opportunities in investments in solar and wind. In addition, Japan’s online retail trade is expected to grow to around $170 billion by the year 2025, which is mainly driven by Japan’s expanding digital economy in e-commerce and fintech.

Source: World Bank

#4 Germany (GDP: $4.7 trillion)

With an estimated GDP of about $4.7 trillion in 2024, Germany is the largest economy in Europe, showing a growth of approximately 8% over the past five years i.e., from $4.35 trillion GDP in 2019. Germany’s industrial sector remains important to the overall economy, where manufacturing industry alone accounts for approximately 20% of the GDP.

In light of investment opportunities in Germany, there especially stands out green technology and digital transformation. The German government aims to provide a funding of approximately $110 billion for renewable energy resources by the year 2030 and this has leveled up the solar and wind projects. The car industry also includes investments worth more than $20 billion by the year 2025 in battery technology and infrastructure for charging electric vehicles. As for the development of Industry 4.0 technologies in Germany, it presented perspectives of smart manufacturing and advanced automation.

Source: World Bank

#5 India (GDP: $4.1 trillion)

India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. It is projected that India’s economy will have a GDP size of about $4.1 trillion by the end of 2024, showcasing about a 15% growth since 2019 when the GDP evolution stood at around $3.56 trillion. More than half of its total population is below the age of 25, this poses India to a crucial and growing consumer base.

India provides numerous opportunities for investments in different sectors. The information technology sector alone is expected to expand at an annual rate of 12% mostly due to the growth in IT services, e-commerce and Fintech. The rest of the investment will come from the government’s National Infrastructure Pipeline which aims to generate $1.5 trillion in investment by the year 2025. In addition to this, the renewable energy industry is expected to achieve 500 GW of renewable capacity by 2030 opening up vast opportunities for investment in solar and wind energy projects.

Source: World Bank

€6 United Kingdom (GDP: $3.7 trillion)

The economy of the United Kingdom has a GDP of about $3.7 trillion as of the year 2024 which indicates a 6% growth over the last five years from $3.5 trillion in 2019. London is also the larger financial center of the world with financial services accounting for around 7% of gross domestic product.

The opportunities for investment in the UK, especially in the fintech segment, which reached over £11 billion in the year 2022, remain great. The renewable energy market is growing, with the government’s aim of achieving up to 50 GW of incorporated offshore wind capacity by the year of 2030. Another attractive area is healthcare, which is in demand because of the increase in the elderly population, and the NHS budget is expected to reach over £200 billion each year by 2024. Furthermore, the creative industries, media and digital content, are anticipated to also grow considerably, thus increasing investment opportunities.

Source: World Bank

#7 France (GDP $3.4 trillion)

The economy of France, as estimated in 2024, is approximately $3.4 trillion, growing by about 5% over a period of 2019 to 2024. France enjoys a diversified economy with agricultural, technological and tourism sectors that are all notably important in terms of the contribution to GDP. Tourism alone represented approximately 7% of GDP in 2019 and welcomed more than 89 million tourists.

Investment opportunities in France however are not lacking, in particular the technological sphere which has had rapid growth in startup environments specializing in artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. In fact, the French government has pledged to invest almost 30 billion euros on digital transformation by 2025. This market segment, further, has plans to provide 40% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030. France has a great potential for investors due to its policies on sustainability and innovation.

Source: World Bank

#8 Canada (GDP: $2.3 trillion)

Canadas GDP is approximated at $2.3 trillion as of 2024, this has seen a step up of about 10% from 2019 where their GDP’s stood at $2.09 trillion. The country possesses a stable political environment, vast natural resources and a developed banking industry.

Investment opportunities in Canada, particularly in oil and gas natural resources where Canada ranks amongst the top three countries in proven oil reserves are quite high. The technology industry is currently booming with investment in software development, Artificial Intelligence, and clean technologies expected to grow in this sector to about 5 billion by 2025. Also, hydropower makes up more than 80% of Canada’s electricity generation with great opportunities for renewable energy investments.

Source: World Bank

#9 Italy (GDP: $2.2 trillion)

As we move closer to end of 2024, the GDP of Italy is estimated to be around $2.2 trillion which depicts an approximate growth of about 4% since the figure was around $2.12 trillion in 2019. In this country, culture and industry are well represented, especially in the field of luxury products and automobile production, which enables the economy to preserve its firm stability.

In Italy, investment opportunities are significant especially in the luxury goods industry that accounts for approximately 8% of GDP which is expected to grow at a CAGR of about 5% over 2026. The automotive industry is also changing as investments in electric vehicles are expected to reach €12 billion by 2025. Besides, the innovative transformation of the food sector is also possible due to the rich agricultural base of the country, as well as the increasing demand for organic and high-quality food. There are increasing investment opportunities in the highly innovative and sustainable business environment shaped by the government policies.

Source: World Bank

#10 Brazil (GDP: $2.1 trillion)

With a GDP of around $2.1 trillion in the year 2024 which is estimated to show a growth of about 9% since 2019 where it stood at 1.93 trillion dollars, Brazil as the largest economy in Latin America has truly made its mark. The country is blessed with plenty of resources whether it’s in the agricultural, mining or fuel fields and is vital in explaining the economy performance.

In Brazil, investment opportunities are present everywhere with especially agribusiness being one of its top exports. There’s huge potential for growth in the renewable energy sector, particularly hydropower and biofuels, with investments projected to exceed $30 billion in this sector by 2025. Moreover, infrastructure development has actually offered tremendous prospects, especially transportation and logistics, as the government is working to improve integration and efficiency. Additionally, Brazil’s geographical position in South America makes it even more interesting for international investors who wish to penetrate regional markets.

Source: World Bank

Conclusion

Looking ahead to the year 2025, the global economy appears to expand in all corners of the world while presenting a wide range of investment opportunities in the world’s largest markets. Countries such as the U.S. and China still remain global leaders, however, the case for emerging markets like India and Brazil is significant for investors. The patterns of economic growth, technology integration, sustainable development approaches as well as geo-political stability will to a large extent, determine the patterns of investment as well as economic strength in the future. Taking into consideration the above trends, will help investors be well positioned to benefit from the changes in the world economy that are likely to occur in the next few years.

Related Posts On The SimTrade Blog

▶ Bijal GANDHI Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Useful Resources

World Bank Global Economic Prospects

World Bank Data about GDP

International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Economic Outlook

McKinsey & Company – Global Economic Trends

About The Author

The article was written in February 2025 by Anant JAIN ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

Hyperinflation In Argentina Since 2018: A Deep Dive Into The Economic Crisis

In this article, Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022) talks about hyperinflation in Argentina.

Introduction

Starting from the year 2018, Argentina has been battling one of the unsurpassed economic setbacks in its history. The economy is facing hyperinflation, widespread poverty, and debts that are simply too vast to comprehend. Although Argentinian citizens have experienced chronic struggles with inflation, the crisis of 2018 onwards lingers with intensity. In this article, we’ll look at how and why hyperinflation occurred in Argentina.

Argentina’s Inflation Timeline

To understand the scale of the problem, it’s important to first look at how inflation in Argentina has evolved over the years.

2018: Argentina entered a period of acute economic stress, with inflation reaching 47.6% by the end of the year, up from 24.8% in 2017, according to the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INDEC). This sharp increase in inflation was a direct consequence of a currency crisis, triggered by a combination of poor economic policies, external debt, and an overreliance on foreign borrowing.

2019: Inflation accelerated further, hitting 53.8%. This made Argentina one of the highest-inflation economies in the world, surpassed only by Venezuela and Zimbabwe. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) played a significant role during this period by extending a record $57 billion bailout to stabilize the economy.

2020: Despite the global slowdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation in Argentina remained high, clocking in at 36.1%, as per INDEC data. The global pandemic worsened the country’s recession, leading to a 9.9% contraction in GDP, further exacerbating the economic crisis.

2021: Inflation surged again to 50.9%, reflecting ongoing macroeconomic imbalances and the effects of expansionary monetary policy that the government had implemented to stimulate a recovery post-pandemic.

2022: Argentina’s inflation skyrocketed to 94.8%, as the country struggled with soaring food prices, energy costs, and wage pressures. By comparison, the global inflation average was just 8.8%, according to the World Bank. Argentina’s inflation was driven by a devaluation of the peso, energy subsidies, and political uncertainty.

2023: By mid-2023, Argentina was firmly in the grips of hyperinflation, with an annual inflation rate of 114.5%. This has put millions of Argentinians in financial distress, as the purchasing power of the peso continues to erode at an alarming rate.

The figure below gives the evolution of the annual inflation rate in Argentina for the period 2010-2023 (data source: World Bank).

Figure 1. Inflation Rate In Argentina.

Source: World bank

Drivers of Hyperinflation

The causes which have led to hyperinflation in Argentina, can be pieced together from a variety of sources. It includes factors including unwise fiscal policies and global economic conditions as contributing elements of the country’s ever intractable monetary disorder.

Currency Depreciation

The Argentine peso has been sharply devalued since 2018. The exchange rate stood at around $20ARS:$1USD at the beginning of 2018, but by 2023, the black-market rate stood at more than $900 ARS:$1USD. This decline in the value of the currency in turn has led to inflation, as the cost of imports has significantly increased and hence raised cost in different industries.

Debt Crisis

Argentina’s debt-to-GDP ratio surged to 89.4% by 2020, up from 53.6% in 2017, according to the IMF. The country’s repeated reliance on foreign loans and failure to pay them back has led to a loss of investor confidence. Argentina defaulted on its debt in 2020, further complicating efforts to stabilize its economy.

Fiscal Deficits

Chronic fiscal deficits are a core reason for the hyperinflation that Argentina experiences. Between 2018 and 2023, Argentina ran persistent fiscal deficits that averaged 5.2% of GDP, according to the data from Trading Economics. Such deficits were financed through the printing press of the government, which served to worsens inflationary factors.

Political Instability

The political scene in Argentina has been chaotic that virtually every incumbent believes in different policies to resolve the economic crisis. Policies which Mauricio Macri (2015-2019) aimed at deficit reduction through austerity was not implemented due to opposition. In this regard, former president Alberto Fernández (2019-present) swayed the economy towards more expansionary policies which increased the level of inflation. Political fragmentation and lack of consensus around economic strategy has been the main contributor to lack of progress in national reforms.

External Shocks

Argentina is heavily reliant on commodities especially soybeans. The world market price of soybeans dramatically dropped in the year 2018, which adversely affected the revenue from exports and increased the balance of payment deficit. Additionally, the increase in global interest rate after 2021 made it too expensive for Argentina to borrow thus worsening its already bad debts.

Impact on Society

The consequences of hyperinflation are most acutely felt by the Argentine people. A few of the most significant impacts include:

Poverty

The World Bank estimates that Argentina has a poverty rate of over 40.1% in the year 2023. Inflation has impaired the purchasing capabilities of middle and lower scorers, pushing several millions into the poverty bracket. This is particularly worrying in a country where poverty dropped to 25.7% in 2017.

Real Wages

Real wages in Argentina have taken a drastic downward turn. The average wage in Argentine Workers’ Central Union (CTA) was about 20% lower in 2022 compared to 2017 figures. This is due to the faster rate of inflation meant that any growth in wages was eclipsed, cutting working peoples earnings and making basic needs more expensive.

Food Prices

Food inflation is one of the worst in the world at over 120% in the year 2023 according to INDEC. The prices of most basic staples such as bread, meat and vegetables have spiralled out of control leading to widespread food insecurity.

Social Unrest

The economic misadministration and the spiralling consumer prices have, for a long-time now, suffocated the economy and triggered a number of protests throughout the country. In July 2022, large scale protests emerged in Buenos Aires with protestors clamouring for wage increases and government action over inflation. A continued cycle of instability gave rise to fears of further violence.

Policy Responses

The government of Argentina has attempted many policies aimed at reducing inflation including price controls however the results have mostly been progressively ineffective.

Price Controls

The menace of runaway inflation had prompted the governments which succeeded the Macri’s administration to attempt implementing caps on the prices of basic needs. To the contrary, however, there was an increase in the demand for those goods which could not be satisfied in the market due to the proliferation of the black market which increased the prices of goods significantly.

Currency Exchange Controls

In an effort to contain the depreciation of the peso, rigid exchange control was administered over external currency within Argentine borders. These measures, while effective only in the short term, have never resolved the chronic deficits and dependence on external borrowing. It is known that since 2023, the unofficial rate of the peso serving black market transactions drifted a long way from the official one and in fact magnified other economic distortions.

IMF Bailouts

The last time the International Monetary Fund (IMF) came to Argentina’s aid was in 2018, when the Fund approved a record $57 billion package. The purpose of this package was to boost Argentina’s liquidity and promote fiscal discipline. Unfortunately, the loans’ provisions such as public expense cuts, have caused public outrage and it has been hard to enforce them politically. In 2022, the IMF and Argentina renegotiated the loan terms, extending repayment deadlines but without significant relief from the debt burden.

Interest rate

Attempts to reduce the inflation by increasing the interest rates were made by the Central Bank of Argentina. As of 2022, the central bank’s rate has been raised to 75%, which is considered one of the world’s highest, but this significantly controlled inflation, but rather increased borrowing and thereby inhibited growth.

Conclusion

Argentina’s hyperinflation since 2018 has been driven by a complex web of factors, including currency depreciation, external debt, fiscal deficits, and political instability. The human and social costs have been severe, with rising poverty, declining real wages, and widespread food insecurity.

To stabilize the economy, Argentina must focus on structural reforms, including improving fiscal responsibility, renegotiating its debt burden, and fostering political stability. However, the road ahead is fraught with challenges. Without a concerted effort to address the root causes of the crisis, Argentina risks continuing down the path of economic collapse, with hyperinflation threatening to erode the social fabric of the nation.

Related Posts On The SimTrade Blog

▶ Anant JAIN Understanding Hyperinflation

▶ Anant JAIN The Ongoing Hyperinflation In Turkey And Its Ripple Effects On European Union

Useful Resources

International Monetary Fund (IMF) Argentina

World Bank Economic data for Argentina (inflation rate)

El País (12/01/2024) Argentina’s annual inflation soars to 211.4%, the highest in the world

International Banker (16/05/2023) Why Inflation in Argentina Is Above 100 Percent

About The Author

The article was written in February 2025 by Anant JAIN (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2019-2022).

In this article, Snehasish CHINARA (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2022-2024) presents the Top 10 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization (August 2024).

Market Capitalization of Cryptocurrencies

Market capitalization, often referred to as market cap, signifies the complete monetary worth of a company’s stock or, in the realm of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, the collective value of all mined coins. In the cryptocurrency domain, market cap is computed by multiplying the prevailing price of a single coin by the total quantity of coins mined up to that point. Market cap is important because in the crypto ecosystem (and beyond) it measures the success of the cryptocurrency.

In June 2023, the total market capitalization of all cryptocurrencies worldwide stands at $1.22 Trillion, displaying a 9.11% change compared to a year ago. At this moment, Bitcoin (BTC) holds the highest market cap of $569 Billion, corresponding to a Bitcoin dominance of 46.71%.

Market capitalization facilitates comparing the overall value of different cryptocurrencies, aiding in well-informed investment choices. Cryptocurrencies are usually categorized by market cap into three groups: 1) Large cap, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, with market caps over $10 billion, perceived as lower risk due to their established growth and liquidity resilience; 2) Mid-cap, between $1 billion and $10 billion, offer potential upside but elevated risk; 3) Small-cap, under $1 billion, are highly vulnerable to market sentiment-driven fluctuations.

Volume Traded of Cryptos

The trading volume holds significant importance in the realm of cryptocurrencies and other financial instruments. It signifies the complete count of tokens or coins traded over a particular timeframe, typically denoted in the base currency (like USD or BTC) or the token (for instance, ETH or XRP) within periods like 24 hours, 7 days, or 30 days.

Cryptocurrency liquidity is often gauged by its trading volume, a measure of market activity. Elevated trading volumes denote heightened buyer and seller presence, facilitating smoother trades without abrupt price shifts. Enhanced liquidity is advantageous, streamlining trade entries or exits. A surge in trade frequency yields more data, refining price determination and aligning cryptocurrency value more accurately. Noteworthy shifts in trading volume might signify sentiment changes – increased volume suggests heightened demand or interest, while reduced volume implies waning enthusiasm or market uncertainty. When coupled with price dynamics, volume aids trend validation; a rising cryptocurrency price coupled with elevated trading volume suggests robust momentum and broader market involvement.

#1 Bitcoin (BTC)

Logo of Bitcoin

Statistics

Market capitalization: $568.57 Billion

Market price : $ 29,230.11

Number of coins in circulation: 18.30 Million

Volume traded (over the past year): $3.36 Trillion

Year founded: 2009

Overview of Bitcoin

Introduced in 2009 by an undisclosed group using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin marked the debut of accessible cryptocurrencies. Emerging in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, it aimed to provide an alternative to conventional financial systems, granting individuals direct control over their assets and bypassing intermediaries.

Functioning on a blockchain foundation, Bitcoin employs the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism, where miners compete to validate transactions through solving complex puzzles, ensuring system security and integrity. Initially viewed as a digital currency, Bitcoin’s role has evolved to be similar to “digital gold,” attributed to its capped supply of 21 million coins. This scarcity sets it apart from traditional currencies and positions it as a hedge against inflation and economic uncertainty, making it valuable for remittances and global trade, particularly in regions with limited banking access. Utilizing digital wallets, Bitcoin enables autonomous transactions, offering an alternative to the unbanked population and allowing them to engage in financial activities and preserve value.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of bitcoin from July 2010 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of bitcoin in circulation (coin supply) by the price of bitcoin.

Market Capitalization Chart of Bitcoin

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Bitcoin can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#2 Ethereum (ETH)

Logo of Ethereum

Statistics

Market capitalization: $223.15 billion

Market price : $1856.8

Number of coins : 120.16M

Year founded: 2013

Overview of Ethereum

In 2013, Ethereum was conceptualized, and it became publicly known in 2015 through the efforts of Vitalik Buterin. Unlike its forerunner, Bitcoin, Ethereum stands as a revolutionary stride in blockchain technology. It goes beyond simple digital currency transfer, incorporating programmable smart contracts into its framework. This innovation has instigated a fresh era of decentralized applications (DApps) spanning various domains. These smart contracts, penned using the Solidity programming language, facilitate self-executing agreements based on predefined conditions, effectively reshaping industries such as finance, supply chain management, and gaming. Ether (ETH), Ethereum’s native cryptocurrency, plays a dual part, serving as a transactional medium within the network while also fueling the execution of these contracts.

At the foundation of Ethereum lies a transition from the energy-intensive Proof of Work (PoW) to a more ecologically conscious Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus protocol. This transformation, embodied in Ethereum 2.0, not only amplifies scalability and efficiency but also guarantees the platform’s endurance and its capacity to meet the growing demand for blockchain-centered solutions. The lasting legacy of Ethereum originates from its conversion of blockchain from a mere digital currency system to a versatile bedrock that stimulates innovation through decentralized applications and smart contracts.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of ethereum from August 2015 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Ethereum in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Ethereum.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Etheream

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Ethereum market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for Ethereum

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Ethereum can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#3 Tether (USDT)

Logo of Tether

Statistics

Market capitalization: $83.81 Billion

Market price : $ 0.999

Circulating Supply : $83.53 Billion

Year founded: 2014

Overview of Tether

Released in 2014, Tether entered the cryptocurrency arena amidst the quest for stability within this dynamic market. Conceived as a stablecoin, Tether aimed to counteract the pronounced price volatility synonymous with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Designed as a form of cryptocurrency, stablecoins, like Tether, are meticulously crafted to mirror the value of specific fiat currencies. Each individual Tether coin is intrinsically valued at precisely one unit of the chosen fiat currency, ensuring steadfast equivalence. This is exemplified by the fact that a solitary Tether USDT is perpetually equivalent to one U.S. dollar.

The distinctive hallmark of USDT lies in its pioneering fusion of fiat currency stability with blockchain technology. This characteristic renders it exceedingly practical for preserving or transferring value, as its unchanging price obviates concerns about depreciation. While renowned cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum undergo price fluctuations based on market dynamics, USDT remains steadfastly pegged to the dollar. Upon entry into the cryptocurrency market, it behaves akin to any other currency, facilitated through blockchain technology. Thus, Tether can be procured or traded via various cryptocurrency exchanges supporting USDT.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Tether from February 2015 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Tether in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Tether.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Tether

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Tether market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for Tether

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Tether can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#4 Binance Coin (BNB)

Logo of BNB

Statistics

Market capitalization: $37.14 Billion

Market price : $241.4

Number of coins : 153.85 Million

Year founded: 2008

Overview of BNB

Binance Coin (BNB) emerged in July 2017 as a significant cryptocurrency, originating from Binance exchange’s forward-looking perspective. Initially designed to provide trading fee incentives to Binance users, the introduction of BNB coincided with the worldwide surge in cryptocurrency interest. It was conceived by tech entrepreneur Changpen Zhao, also known as CZ, and serves as the native utility token for Binance exchange, recognized as the world’s largest cryptocurrency trading platform. BNB operates on the innovative BNB Chain, which incorporates a distinctive amalgamation of Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanisms. By leveraging both these models, the network achieves comparably reduced fees and swifter transaction processing. The forthcoming BNB Chain roadmap for 2022/23 aims to enhance transaction speed, lower fees, and provide open-source capabilities, catering to developers aiming to construct within the expansive Binance ecosystem.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Binance from July 2017 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Binance in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Binance.

Market Capitalisation Chart of BNB

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for BNB market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for BNB

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Binance can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#5 XRP / Ripple (XRP)

Logo of XRP

Statistics

Market capitalization: $36.82 Billion

Market price : $0.698

Number of coins : $ 54.74 Billion

Year founded: 2012

Overview of XRP

XRP is a digital currency that emerged onto the scene in 2012 as a key element of Ripple Labs’ visionary pursuit to transform cross-border financial settlements and payments. The founders of XRP, Chris Larsen and Jed McCaleb, sought to confront the inherent inefficiencies and delays that plagued conventional banking systems. Introducing XRP as a conduit between diverse fiat currencies, the aim was to enable swift and seamless international transactions. Setting it apart from its cryptocurrency peers, XRP wasn’t minted through the typical mining process ; instead, it was pre-mined, featuring a fixed quantity of 100 billion tokens. This strategic move was orchestrated to establish a stable foundation for the currency’s growth.

At the core of Ripple’s groundbreaking xRapid product, XRP plays the role of an intermediary currency, facilitating the exchange of value across various fiat currencies within financial institutions. The intrinsic currency of the XRP Ledger, a cryptographic ledger bolstered by a network of interconnected nodes, XRP empowers these institutions in their pursuit of seamless cross-currency transactions. Notably, Ripple is the architect behind this blockchain-based digital payment settlement system and the extensive crypto exchange network that encompasses it. An embodiment of innovation, Ripple harnesses its native token to facilitate the transition of traditional financial dealings from centralized databases under the jurisdiction of financial authorities to an openly accessible infrastructure.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of XRP from April 2020 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of XRP in circulation (coin supply) by the price of XRP.

Market Capitalisation Chart of XRP

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for XRP market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for XRP

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for XRP can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#6 USD Coin (USDC)

Logo of USD Coin

Statistics

Market capitalization: $26.49 billion

Market price : $1.00

Circulating Supply : 26.28 Billion

Year founded: 2018

Overview of USD Coin

The USD Coin (USDC) serves as a stable digital currency, maintaining a steadfast 1:1 value with the US dollar, regardless of the ever-changing tides of the cryptocurrency market. This stability is rooted in its robust foundation – US dollar reserves securely held within regulated US financial institutions. To ensure transparency and reliability, the acclaimed accounting firm Grant Thornton diligently monitors these reserves, releasing detailed monthly attestation reports.

USDC boasts remarkable versatility, seamlessly functioning on various blockchain platforms such as Ethereum, Algorand, Solana, Stellar, and TRON. Key features and use cases of USD Coin are rooted in its stability and ease of use. USDC facilitates seamless, near-instantaneous cross-border transactions and serves as a bridge between traditional finance and the blockchain world, enabling individuals and businesses to transfer value globally without exposure to the volatility inherent in many cryptocurrencies. With its one-to-one peg to the US Dollar, USDC serves as a valuable tool for traders and investors, allowing them to hedge against market fluctuations while remaining within the crypto ecosystem. Moreover, the stablecoin has found application in the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector, where it serves as collateral for loans, liquidity provision, and yield farming, contributing to the vibrant evolution of blockchain-based financial services.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of USD Coin from October 2018 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of USD Coin in circulation (coin supply) by the price of USD Coin.

Market Capitalisation Chart of USDC

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for USD Coin market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for USD Coin

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for USD Coin can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#7 Dogecoin (DOGE)

Logo of Doge Coin

Statistics

Market capitalization: $10.88 billion

Market price : $0.077

Circulating Supply: 140.52 Billion

Year founded: 2013

Overview of Doge Coin

Originally conceived as a playful jest aimed at the crypto community, Dogecoin emerged as a whimsical creation inspired by a popular meme. Crafted by the collaborative efforts of software engineers Billy Marcus and Jackson Palmer, the genesis of Dogecoin occurred in the latter part of 2013. Operating on an autonomous blockchain unique to itself, Dogecoin’s digital ledger undergoes ceaseless updates to encompass novel transactions, employing cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of these transactions.

The foundational framework of Dogecoin’s blockchain is rooted in the proof of work consensus mechanism, which necessitates miners to deploy computational prowess in solving intricate mathematical puzzles. This endeavor facilitates the processing and inscription of transactions onto the blockchain. In return for their contributions to upholding the integrity of the blockchain, miners are rewarded with additional Dogecoin holdings, affording them the choice to retain or trade these assets within the open market.

While Dogecoin can feasibly be employed for monetary transactions and acquisitions, its role as a dependable store of value remains compromised. This deficiency primarily arises from the absence of a predetermined upper limit on the quantity of Dogecoins that can be mined, thus inherently imbuing the cryptocurrency with a pronounced inflationary trait.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Doge Coinfrom July 2014 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Doge Coin in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Doge Coin.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Doge Coin

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Doge Coin market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for DogeCoin

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Doge Coin can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#8 Cardano (ADA)

Logo of Cardano

Statistics

Market capitalization: $10.77 Billion

Market price : $0.3076

Circulating Supply : 35.03 Billion

Year founded: 2015

Overview of Cardano

Launched in September 2017 by Charles Hoskinson, one of Ethereum’s co-founders, Cardano strives to manifest as a third-generation blockchain initiative, extending the groundwork laid by Bitcoin (first generation) and Ethereum (second generation). Positioned as an eco-friendly and scalable smart contract platform, Cardano (ADA) operates on a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism known as Ouroboros, effectively validating transactions while minimizing energy consumption. The development landscape of Cardano relies on the utilization of the Haskell programming language, an attribute attributed to facilitating an evidence-centric development approach, subsequently ensuring unmatched security and reliability.

The central ambition of Cardano orbits around the facilitation of smart contracts, empowering developers to craft a diverse array of decentralized financial applications, novel cryptocurrency tokens, interactive games, and more. The architecture of the Cardano blockchain is bifurcated into two distinct tiers: the Cardano Settlement Layer (CSL) and the Cardano Computing Layer (CCL). The former houses the record of accounts and their corresponding balances, additionally serving as the domain where Ouroboros-based consensus mechanisms validate transactions. On the other hand, the latter, namely the CCL, serves as the execution ground for all computations related to blockchain applications, primarily driven by the functionality of smart contracts. This partitioning of the blockchain into dual strata endeavors to empower the Cardano network to effortlessly process a substantial volume of up to a million transactions per second.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Cardano from September 2017 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Cardano in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Cardano.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Cardano

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Cardano market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for Cardano

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Cardano can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#9 Solana (SOL)

Logo of Solana

Statistics

Market capitalization: $9.62 Billion

Market price : $24.45

Circulating Supply : 405.76 Million

Year founded: 2020

Overview of Solana

Solana, an up-and-coming cryptocurrency, has drawn substantial attention in the world of blockchain. Launched in 2020 by Anatoly Yakovenko, a former Qualcomm engineer, Solana’s coin was meticulously crafted to tackle the scalability and performance limitations that earlier blockchain platforms such as Ethereum had encountered. Solana’s developmental journey gained rapid traction as it aspired to bring about a transformation in the realm of decentralized finance (DeFi). This transformation was to be realized through swifter transaction speeds and reduced fees in comparison to its counterparts. This innovative approach captivated both investors and developers, propelling Solana into the spotlight as a highly promising contender in the expansive landscape of blockchain technology.

At its core, Solana operates as a crypto-computing platform with a distinct objective: to achieve remarkable transaction speeds without compromising decentralization. This exceptional speed translates into a notable reduction in congestion and fees. By maintaining these high speeds and low fees, Solana’s ultimate aim is to scale its capabilities to a level where it can rival centralized payment processors like Visa. The primary cryptocurrency associated with Solana is known as SOL. This digital asset serves multiple purposes, including covering transaction fees and facilitating the staking process. Additionally, SOL holders possess the privilege of participating in voting for upcoming upgrades. Notably, SOL is accessible for trading on exchanges such as Coinbase, providing users with an avenue to engage with this evolving crypto phenomenon.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Solana from September 2017 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Solana in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Solana.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Solana

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Solana market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for Solana

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Solana can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

#10 Tron (TRX)

Logo of Iron

Statistics

Market capitalization: $7 billion

Market price : $0.078

Circulating Supply : 89.52 Billion

Year founded: 2017

Overview of Tron

In 2017, Tron launched as a blockchain project with a unique approach, foregoing cryptographic advancements in favor of integrating existing elements like dApps, smart contracts, and tokens pioneered by other projects. Its standout strategy was its Asia-focused market penetration, leveraging its founder Justin Sun’s prominence. Fueled by an engaged community, Tron’s futuristic vision yielded success.

Initially an Ethereum-based ERC-20 token, Tron has transitioned into an independent cryptocurrency. At its core, the Tronix network champions decentralization, freeing blockchain data from central control. Content creators earn TRX tokens for their contributions and can even devise custom tokens for the Tron network, enhancing dApp experiences. With plans to introduce decentralized games and a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism manned by super representatives, Tron’s rapid block additions and support for thousands of transactions per second further underscore its distinctive position in the cryptocurrency realm, complemented by its empowering content creator rewards and ownership model.

Market capitalization

The figure below gives the market capitalization of Tron from August 2017 to September 2024. At a given point of time, market capitalization is obtained by multiplying the number of Tron in circulation (coin supply) by the price of Tron.

Market Capitalisation Chart of Tron

Source: Yahoo! Finance. (Computation by Author)

The historical data for Tron market prices can be downloaded from Yahoo! Finance website: Download the data for Tron

You can download blow the excel file used to build the figure. Historical data for Tron can be downloaded from CoinMarketCap or Yahoo! Finance website.

Why should I be interested in this post?

This blog post provides valuable insights into the current landscape of cryptocurrencies. As the digital financial world continues to evolve, learning about the top 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization helps us understanding the leading cryptocurrencies and their market standings can provide crucial information for both seasoned investors and newcomers. Whether you’re seeking potential investment opportunities or simply staying informed about the trends shaping the financial future, this article can offer a concise overview of the top-performing cryptocurrencies, making it a must-read for anyone looking to navigate the complex world of digital assets.

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About cryptocurrencies

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Bitcoin: the mother of all cryptocurrencies

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Ethereum – Unleashing Blockchain Innovation

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA XRP: Pioneering Financial Revolution

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Tether: Unraveling the Impact of the Stablecoin on Modern Finance

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA USD Coin: Deep Dive into the Role of Stablecoins in Modern Finance

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Doge Coin: Unraveling the Phenomenon of the Internet’s Favourite Cryptocurrency

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Solana: Ascendancy of the High-Speed Blockchain

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA BNB’s Journey through the Digital Economy’s Cryptocurrency Landscape

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Tron: Unveiling the Future of Decentralized Applications

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA Litecoin: Analysis of the Pioneering Cryptocurrency’s Impact on Digital Finance

   ▶ Snehasish CHINARA How to get crypto data

   ▶ Alexandre VERLET Cryptocurrencies

About statistics

   ▶ Shengyu ZHENG Moments de la distribution

   ▶ Shengyu ZHENG Mesures de risques

   ▶ Jayati WALIA Returns

Useful resources

Academic research about risk

Longin F. (2000) From VaR to stress testing: the extreme value approach Journal of Banking and Finance, N°24, pp 1097-1130.

Longin F. (2016) Extreme events in finance: a handbook of extreme value theory and its applications Wiley Editions.

Data

Yahoo! Finance

Yahoo! Finance Historical data for Litecoin

CoinMarketCap Historical data for Litecoin

About the author

The article was written in October 2024 by Snehasish CHINARA (ESSEC Business School, Grande Ecole Program – Master in Management, 2022-2025).